Abstract
The study was aimed to develop a gastro-retentive mucoadhesive sustained release matrix formulation for milnacipran HCl (MCN) by using the design of experiment (DoE). The gastro-retentive swellable mucoadhesive matrix tablets were prepared by modified solvent-based wet granulation through mixing milnacipran (MCN), chitosan low molecular weight (CH-LM), chitosan medium molecular weight (CH-MM), and polycaprolactone (PCL). Optimization of the formulation was carried out via DoE. Formulations were characterized by DSC, FTIR, and in vitro drug release testing. In vitro mucoadhesive studies were performed on rabbit’s intestinal mucosa. In vivo drug release studies were performed on dogs. Optimized matrix formulations showed no significant interaction among the polymers and MCN, confirmed by DSC and FTIR, and were characterized as swellable controlled release matrix systems. The optimized formulations MOPT3 and MOPT4 showed significantly improved adhesion time of 12 h on the gastric mucosa. Based on the in vivo analysis, the elimination half-life of MCN was increased that proved the matrix formulation to be sustained release DDS. The Tmax was extended from 2 to 12 ± 1.63 h for MOPT4. Cmax of matrix was reduced to 121.60 ± 9.496 ng/ml as compared to 149.22 ± 9.942 ng/ml of solution. The bioavailability of the matrix formulation was significantly improved as compared to the MCN solution by 272.20 ± 48.11%. The controlled drug release and strong mucoadhesive properties of the gastro-retentive matrix formulations suggested the potential application of the formulations for the extended oral delivery of MCN.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Malik R, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Polymeric nanofibers: targeted gastro-retentive drug delivery systems. J Drug Target. 2015;23(2):109–24.
Kaur R, Garg T, Malik B, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Rath G, et al. Development and characterization of spray-dried porous nanoaggregates for pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs. Drug Delivery. 2016;23(3):872–7.
Kulkarni S, Kulkarni R, Jadhav P. Tiwari A. Google Patents: Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions of milnacipran; 2014.
English C, Rey JA, Rufin C. Milnacipran (Savella), a treatment option for fibromyalgia. Pharm Ther. 2010;35(5):261.
Kyle JA, Dugan BD, Testerman KK. New drug approvals: milnacipran for treatment of fibromyalgia. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(9):1422–9.
Ratnakar NC, Gohel MC. Formulation and eveluation of milnacipran HCl controlled release osmotic tablets. Pharma Sci Monit. 2018;9(1).
Luo Y, Teng Z, Li Y, Wang Q. Solid lipid nanoparticles for oral drug delivery: chitosan coating improves stability, controlled delivery, mucoadhesion and cellular uptake. Carbohydr Polym. 2015;122:221–9.
Hussain T, Shahzad MK, Hayat K, Hussain K, Bukhari NI. Simple and sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of milnacipran in bulk and swellable matrix tablets. Pharm Chem J. 2016;50(5):346–52.
Zhang Y, Huo M, Zhou J, Zou A, Li W, Yao C, et al. DDSolver: an add-in program for modeling and comparison of drug dissolution profiles. AAPS J. 2010;12(3):263–71.
Luppi B, Bigucci F, Abruzzo A, Corace G, Cerchiara T, Zecchi V. Freeze-dried chitosan/pectin nasal inserts for antipsychotic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;75(3):381–7.
Puozzo C, Filaquier C, Zorza G. Determination of milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in human plasma using liquid chromatography with spectrofluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004;806(2):221–8.
Parejiya PB, Movaliya VR, Barot BS, Modi D, Shelat PK, Shukla A. Quantitative determination of milnacipran HCl in rabbit plasma by HPLC and its application to pharmacokinetics study. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2014;37(1):99–111.
Allen P, Bennett K, Heritage B (2018) SPSS statistics: a practical guide with student resource access 12 months: Cengage AU
USP. The United States Pharmacopeia. US Pharmacopeial Convention Inc., Rockville, MD,USA: 2748–27512005
Hussain T, Saeed T, Mumtaz AM, Javaid Z, Abbas K, Awais A, et al. Effect of two hydrophobic polymers on the release of gliclazide from their matrix tablets. Acta Pol Pharm. 2013;70(4):749–57.
Pickering G, Macian N, Delage N, Picard P, Cardot J-M, Sickout-Arondo S, et al. Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:2485.
Parejiya PB, Barot BS, Patel HK, Chorawala MR, Shelat PK, Shukla A. In vivo performance evaluation and establishment of IVIVC for osmotic pump based extended release formulation of milnacipran HCl. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2013;34(4):227–35.
Gaspar MC, Grégoire N, Sousa JJ, Pais AA, Lamarche I, Gobin P, et al. Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rats after aerosolization of immediate-release chitosan or sustained-release PLGA microspheres. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016;93:184–91.
Gopal PR, Prabakar AC, Chandrashekar E, Somaiah PV. Synthesis and characterization of process related impurities of (±)-milnacipran. J Chin Chem Soc. 2013;60(6):639–44.
Wu C-S. A comparison of the structure, thermal properties, and biodegradability of polycaprolactone/chitosan and acrylic acid grafted polycaprolactone/chitosan. Polymer. 2005;46(1):147–55.
Abdolmohammadi S, Siyamak S, Ibrahim NA, Yunus WMZW, Rahman MZA, Azizi S, et al. Enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties of polycaprolactone/chitosan blend by calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(4):4508–22.
Bauer M, Megret C, Lamure A, Lacabanne C, Fauran-Clavel MJ. Differential scanning calorimetry study of the interaction of antidepressant drugs, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine with a membrane model. J Pharm Sci. 1990;79(10):897–901.
Senda T, He Y, Inoue Y. Biodegradable blends of poly (ε-caprolactone) with α-chitin and chitosan: specific interactions, thermal properties and crystallization behavior. Polym Int. 2002;51(1):33–9.
Sun Y, Cui F, Shi K, Wang J, Niu M, Ma R. The effect of chitosan molecular weight on the characteristics of spray-dried methotrexate-loaded chitosan microspheres for nasal administration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35(3):379–86.
Siepmann J, Peppas N. Hydrophilic matrices for controlled drug delivery: an improved mathematical model to predict the resulting drug release kinetics (the “sequential layer” model). Pharm Res. 2000;17(10):1290–8.
Peppas NA, Narasimhan B. Mathematical models in drug delivery: how modeling has shaped the way we design new drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2014;190:75–81.
Omwancha WS, Mallipeddi R, Valle BL, Neau SH. Chitosan as a pore former in coated beads for colon specific drug delivery of 5-ASA. Int J Pharm. 2013;441(1):343–51.
Sahoo S, Sasmal A, Nanda R, Phani A, Nayak P. Synthesis of chitosan–polycaprolactone blend for control delivery of ofloxacin drug. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;79(1):106–13.
Abruzzo A, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Cruciani F, Vitali B, Luppi B. Mucoadhesive chitosan/gelatin films for buccal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;87(1):581–8.
Vemula SK, Veerareddy PR, Devadasu VR. Pharmacokinetics of colon-specific pH and time-dependent flurbiprofen tablets. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015;40(3):301–11.
Tang M, Hu P, Huang S, Zheng Q, Yu H, He Y. Development of an extended-release formulation for apremilast and a level A in vitro–in vivo correlation study in beagle dogs. Chem Pharm Bull. 2016;64(11):1607–15.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Pharmedic Laboratories for providing analytical facilities. The authors also extend their gratitude to Mr. Ahmad Aqib and Miss Sehar for cooperating in arranging and managing the data for the research article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hussain, T., Ijaz, M., Shamim, R. et al. In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Chitosan-Polycaprolactone Based Mucoadhesive Gastro-Retentive Sustained Release Drug Delivery System for Milnacipran HCl. AAPS PharmSciTech 21, 58 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-019-1606-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-019-1606-6