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Development of a Novel Oral Cavity Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model for Sublingual Administration: Illustration with Zolpidem

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Abstract

Intraoral (IO) delivery is an alternative administration route to deliver a drug substance via the mouth that provides several advantages over conventional oral dosage forms. The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a novel, physiologically based oral cavity model for projection and mechanistic analysis of the clinical pharmacokinetics of intraoral formulations. The GastroPlus™ Oral Cavity Compartmental Absorption and Transit (OCCAT™) model was used to simulate the plasma concentration versus time profiles and the fraction and rate of intraoral drug transit/absorption for Intermezzo® sublingual tablets (zolpidem tartrate). The model was evaluated by the goodness-of-fit between simulated and observed concentrations and the deviation of key PK parameters (e.g., C max, T max, and AUC). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to demonstrate the interplay and impact of key modeling parameters on the fraction absorbed via oral mucosa (F a_IO). The OCCAT™ model captured the observed pharmacokinetics for Intermezzo® sublingual tablets (R 2 > 0.9). The predicted deviations (%) for C max, AUC0–inf, AUC0–20 min, and T max were 5.7, 28.0, 11.8, and 28.6%, respectively, indicating good prediction accuracy. The model also estimated ~18% of total drug was absorbed via the IO route. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis indicated that the F a_IO was not only associated with drug diffusivity and unbound fraction in epithelium tissue (f ut) but also depended on the physicochemical properties of compounds for IO delivery (e.g., solubility and logD pH = 7.4). The novel physiologically based IO absorption OCCAT™ model showed satisfactory performance and will be helpful to guide development of future intraoral formulations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Anita Lalloo, Becky Nissley, Kimberly Manser, and Poonam Saraf for their assistance in the in vitro permeation studies; Henry Wu and David Edward Storey for scientific input and discussion; and Merck creative studios for English edits.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486, USA

      Binfeng Xia, Zhen Yang, Wei Zhu, Mikolaj Milewski & Filippos Kesisoglou

    2. Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA

      Haiying Zhou & Viera Lukacova

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    1. Binfeng Xia
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    Correspondence to Binfeng Xia.

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    Binfeng Xia and Zhen Yang equally contributed to this work.

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    Xia, B., Yang, Z., Zhou, H. et al. Development of a Novel Oral Cavity Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model for Sublingual Administration: Illustration with Zolpidem. AAPS J 17, 631–642 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9727-7

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9727-7

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