Transcriptional activator DOT1L putatively regulates human embryonic stem cell differentiation into the cardiac lineage
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Abstract
Background
Commitment of pluripotent stem cells into differentiated cells and associated gene expression necessitate specific epigenetic mechanisms that modify the DNA and corresponding histone proteins to render the chromatin in an open or closed state. This in turn dictates the associated genetic machinery, including transcription factors, acknowledging the cellular signals provided. Activating histone methyltransferases represent crucial enzymes in the epigenetic machinery that cause transcription initiation by delivering the methyl mark on histone proteins. A number of studies have evidenced the vital role of one such histone modifier, DOT1L, in transcriptional regulation. Involvement of DOT1L in differentiating pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells into the cardiac lineage has not yet been investigated.
Methods
The study was conducted on in-house derived (KIND1) and commercially available (HES3) human embryonic stem cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed followed by sequencing to uncover the cardiac genes harboring the DOT1L specific mark H3K79me2. Following this, dual immunofluorescence was employed to show the DOT1L co-occupancy along with the cardiac progenitor specific marker. DOT1L was knocked down by siRNA to further confirm its role during cardiac differentiation.
Results
ChIP sequencing revealed a significant number of peaks characterizing H3K79me2 occupancy in the proximity of the transcription start site. This included genes like MYOF, NR2F2, NKX2.5, and HAND1 in cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes, and POU5F1 and NANOG in pluripotent hES cells. Consistent with this observation, we also show that DOT1L co-localizes with the master cardiac transcription factor NKX2.5, suggesting its direct involvement during gene activation. Knockdown of DOT1L did not alter the pluripotency of hES cells, but it led to the disruption of cardiac differentiation observed morphologically as well as at transcript and protein levels.
Conclusions
Collectively, our data suggests the crucial role of H3K79me2 methyltransferase DOT1L for activation of NKX2.5 during the cardiac differentiation of hES cells.
Keywords
Human embryonic stem cells Cardiac differentiation DOT1L Epigenetics Gene expression Histone methyltransferaseAbbreviations
- bFGF
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- CHD
Chronic heart disease
- ChIP
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
- hES
Human embryonic stem
- PBS
Phosphate buffered saline
- PcG
Polycomb group
- PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
- PSC
Pluripotent stem cell
- TrxG
Trithorax group
Background
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are blank cells with the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types depending upon the cues provided in vitro. They have open euchromatin and complex epigenetic changes occur when these PSCs become committed. Among these, histone modifications take up the major role of opening the chromatin structure for the subsequent transcription activation. A number of studies have started unlocking the molecular mechanisms of these epigenetic factors that precisely orchestrate the development of specific cell types from undifferentiated PSCs to aid in their wide applications. Bivalency PSCs is a central discovery involving an interesting interplay of histone methylations H3K27me3 and H3K4me3. Deposited by EZH2 of the polycomb group (PcG) and MLL2 of the trithorax group (TrxG) of proteins respectively, bivalent domains are the most widely studied mechanisms that render the gene inactive and active while, on the other hand, the presence of both marks keeps the gene poised for subsequent activation or suppression upon differentiation [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
The relative distribution of these bivalent marks has been extensively uncovered, assigning them a crucial role in various mammalian developmental processes including cardiogenesis. Our group recently reported a vital role for EZH2 in the cardiac differentiation process wherein EZH2 is recruited by NR2F2 (cardiac marker) at the OCT4A promoter (pluripotency marker) for its repression in early cardiac differentiation stages by bringing about an H3K27me3 mark [7]. In addition to MLL2, there are other histone active methyltransferases recruited at the gene to activate transcription by methylating the target locus.
Histone methyltransferases have been shown to be guided at the genomic locations in specific cell types by directive roles of signaling pathways, histone variants, nucleosome remodeling, and transcription factors [8, 9, 10, 11]), although the mechanistic and specificity details are still left to be uncovered. Cardiac differentiation has also been shown as an integration of genomic (transcription factors) and epigenetic (histone methyltransferases) information that collectively activates and deactivates the cardiac specific machinery. Epigenetic connection of cardiac formation was first put forward in 2005 when the key transcription factor GATA4 was shown to be coactivated by an acetylation mark brought about by histone acetyltransferase p300, thereby increasing its DNA binding ability and stability in cardiac myocytes differentiated from ES cells [12]. Activated GATA4 further binds to NKX2.5, another master cardiac transcription factor (TF) triggering cardiogenesis [13, 14]. Similarly, essential roles for histone demethylases like UTX and JMJD3 (H3K27me3 demethylases) have been reported to activate the cardiac genes during ES cell transition from pluripotency to cardiomyocytes [15, 16, 17]. NKX2.5 functions as an instrumental part of each of the differentiation stages like chamber formation, patterning of the conduction system, formation of the interventricular septum, defined expression of critical downstream genes, and terminal differentiation of the myocardium followed by their maturation into adult equivalents [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Understanding the signals and the modifications for the expression of cardiac transcription factors thus remains necessary to expose the mechanistic details for stepwise depiction of cardiac development.
DOT1L, unlike all other histone methyltransferases, represents the first crucial histone methyltransferase not containing an evolutionarily conserved catalytic domain called SET, referring to the Su(var)3-9, Enhancer of Zeste (E(Z)), and Trithorax (trx) domain [23]. DOT1L represents the only enzyme that activates its target by delivering dimethylation at lysine 79 of histone H3 [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Although DOT1L was initially identified for regulating heterochromatin formation [29, 30], accumulating literature now suggests its role in the regulation of gene activation [31, 32, 33, 34]. An important area having DOT1L as an essential controller is that of cell cycle and DNA damage repair [35, 36, 37]. Involvement of DOT1L in in-vivo cardiac development and function has been shown by Nguyen and Zhang [38], wherein the group noted severe dilated cardiomyopathy in DOT1L knockout mice, which upon further study was rescued by ectopic expression of DOT1L, and that DOT1L is the possible target malfunctioning in dilated cardiomyopathy. The contribution of DOT1L in cardiac formation from undifferentiated mouse ES cells was reported recently [39]. The study successfully proved DOT1L expression on cardiac genes, which upon knocking down affects the expression of these genes delaying the cardiac differentiation. To conclude, DOT1L has an important role during cardiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro, and demands much more research efforts toward displaying its connection at the molecular and genetic levels as its deletion results in cardiac pathogenesis.
The present study was designed to understand whether DOT1L is crucial for the cardiac progenitor differentiation in vitro. Studies were carried out on the inhouse-derived hES cell line KIND1 along with a well-studied HES3 hES cell line. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq), we interrogated the hES cell-derived cardiac progenitors and beating CMs for the occupancy of an H3K79me2 mark on the specific cardiac genes. Dual immunofluorescence was performed to investigate whether cardiac specific transcription factor NKX2.5 is coexpressed with and activated by H3K79me2 methyltransferase DOT1L.
Methods
Cell culture and differentiation
KIND1 is an in-house derived hES cell line derived at our laboratory in Mumbai [40] and the HES3 cell line (WiCell Research Institute Inc.) was available from Dr Prabha Sampath’s laboratory for the present study.
Undifferentiated feeder-free KIND1 hES cells were cultured in Stempro hES SFM medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 8 ng of bFGF (Peprotech, NJ, USA) as described earlier [7], while the HES3 cell line was grown in mTeSR™1 medium (STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Canada) at 37 °C and 5% CO2. For subjecting the confluent pluripotent KIND1 and HES3 hES cells to cardiac differentiation, they were transitioned from growth medium into RPMI 1640 containing 5% B-27 and 1% glutamax (basal medium), and the differentiation protocol was followed as reported by our group earlier [41]. In brief, cells were first exposed to basal medium supplemented with 100 ng/ml Activin A (Peprotech) and 5 ng/ml of bFGF (R&D Systems, MN, USA) for 24 h. This was followed by 15 ng/ml BMP4 (R&D Systems) and 5 ng/ml bFGF (R&D Systems) in basal medium for another 4 days. Finally, the cells were treated with WNT pathway blocker DKK1 (Peprotech) at 150 ng/ml concentration for the next 4 days. From day 9 onward, the cells were maintained in basal medium until day 20 wherein the media were changed on every alternate day.
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Primer sequences
Gene | Primer sequence 5′–3′ |
---|---|
RPLPO | Forward: CAGATTGGCTACCCAACTGTT |
Reverse: GGGAAGGTGTAATCCGTCTCC | |
DOT1L | Forward: GAGACCTCCTTCGACCTGGT |
Reverse: CGACGCCATAGTGATGTTGC | |
MESP1 | Forward: CTCTGTTGGAGACCTGGATG |
Reverse: CCTGCTTGCCTCAAAGTG | |
MEF2C | Forward: CGAGATACCCACAACACACG |
Reverse: TTCGTTCCGGTGATCCTC | |
NKX2.5 | Forward: CCTCAACAGCTCCCTGACTCT |
Reverse: ATAATCGCCGCCACAAACTCTCC | |
ISL1 | Forward: TGATGAAGCAACTCCAGCAG |
Reverse: GGACTGGCTACCATGCTGTT | |
CTNT | Forward: GGCAGCGGAAGAGGATGCTGAA |
Reverse: GAGGCACCAAGTTGGGCATGAACGAC |
ChIP sequencing
ChIP was performed as per our recent report [7]. Briefly, about 1–2 million KIND1 and HES3 hES cells each harvested at days 0, 12, and 20 were subjected to formaldehyde crosslinking and sonication (Bioruptor; Cosmo Bio Co. Ltd, Japan). Sonicated protein–DNA complexes (200–500 bp) were precipitated with 10 μg of anti-H3K79me2 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA) overnight at 4 °C. Post thorough washing and elution, the ChIPped samples were subjected to standard DNA extraction protocol employing phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol as per the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Extracted DNA samples were sent to the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore for sequencing on Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencer. The analysis of sequencing results obtained was performed at Sandor Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd (Hyderabad, India). The raw sequencing reads mapped with Humanhg19 were aligned using Bowtie (Galaxy tool) while peak calling was performed using MACS (Galaxy tool). Integrative Genome Viewer [42] was used for visualization of the resulting peaks.
Dual-immunofluorescence
The standard immunofluorescence protocol was followed to study expression of DOT1L and NKX2.5. Cells were grown in chamber slides followed by their differentiation and fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) at days 0, 12, and 20 for 15 min followed by permeabilization with 0.3% triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich). Blocking was performed using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing 5% BSA (Sigma Aldrich) plus 1% normal goat serum (Bangalore Genei, Bangalore, India) for 60 min at room temperature. Cells were then incubated at 4 °C overnight with primary antibodies against DOT1L (1:200) (Abcam) and NKX2.5 (1:200) (R&D Systems) diluted in blocking buffer. Later the cells were incubated in appropriate secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific) diluted in blocking buffer for 2 h at room temperature. Representatives images were captured using a confocal microscope (Olympus FV1000).
Knockdown experiments
A small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based transfection technique for knocking down was employed to study the expression of DOT1L in both KIND1 and HES3 cells at days 0, 12, and 20. siRNAs for DOT1L along with a nontarget siRNA pool (control), with the following target sequences, were procured from GE Dharmacon™. DOT1L siRNAs (LQ-014900-01-0010), (1) UCACUAUGGCGUCGAGAAA, (2) GCUAUGGAGAAUUACGUUU, (3) GCAGAAUCGUGUCCUCGAA, (4) AAGAGUGGAGGGAGCGAAU; and nontarget siRNA pool (D-001810-10-20), (1) UGGUUUACAUGUCGACUAA, (2) UGGUUUACAUGUUGUGUGA, (3) UGGUUUACAUGUUUUCUGA, (4) UGGUUUACAUGUUUUCCUA. Lipofectamine™ RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to dilute the siRNAs for transfection as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The pool of DOT1L siRNAs 1 and 3 gave the maximum knockdown at a concentration of 25 nM. Post incubation for 5 min, siRNA DOT1L–lipid complex diluted in Opti-MEM™ Reduced Serum Medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added to the cells. The medium was changed with Stempro hES SFM growth medium after 24 h. Cells were harvested 72 h post knock down for subsequent analysis. For knocking down DOT1L in cardiac progenitors (day 12), transfection was performed at day 9 of differentiation protocol (described earlier), following which the progenitor cells were collected after 72 h (i.e., at day 12). Similarly, for knocking down the DOT1L at day 20 (cardiomyocyte stage), siRNA transfections were performed at day 17 of the cardiac-directed differentiation protocol.
Results
Differentiation of hES cells: KIND1 and HES3 cells display an identical cardiac differentiation pattern
Sequential addition of growth factors to undifferentiated KIND1 and HES3 cells led to a stepwise differentiation pattern into the cardiac lineage. Directed differentiation of pluripotent HES3 cells into the cardiac lineage was associated with distinct morphological changes ( see Additional file 1 for images taken at different time points of differentiation). Similar changes were observed when KIND1 cells were subjected to a similar differentiation protocol recently reported by our group [7]. Activation of the BMP and TGF-β pathways with a high concentration of growth factor ligands like BMP4 and Activin A resulted in upregulation of transcripts like GATA4 and KDR2 that represent the formation of early cardiac mesoderm. Following this, addition of DKK1 for inhibition of the WNT pathway further drove the differentiation toward the cardiac fate evident by expression of MESP1, MEF2C, ISL1, NKX2.5, and CTNT transcripts specific for cardiac mesoderm, cardiac progenitors, and beating cardiomyocytes (observed only in KIND1 cells). Depending upon the gene expression pattern, we harvested the cells at days 0, 12, and 20 during differentiation of both KIND1 and HES3 cells, which depict undifferentiated pluripotent hES cells, cardiac progenitors, and beating cardiomyocytes for carrying out further studies. The corresponding changes in specific transcripts that were expected to change during differentiation and protein expression of CTNT and NKX2.5 in differentiating HES3 cells are presented in Additional files 2 and 3. These results are also similar to earlier published data using KIND1 cells [7].
Interestingly with these results, we for the first time report the typical cardiac differentiation pattern following a 20-day directed differentiation protocol in the HES3 cell line. In addition, a similar morphology observed in both cell lines at each stage during cardiac differentiation, further validating our protocol as well as the pattern of cardiac differentiation from hES cells. Beating cardiomyocytes were observed only in KIND1 cells perhaps because of intrinsic differences between the two cell lines. KIND1 cells were derived on human feeder fibroblasts whereas HES3 cells were derived initially on mouse embryonic fibroblast support.
ChIP-seq: H3K79me2 targets cardiac lineage genes during differentiation of KIND1 and HES3 cells
H3K79me2 peak deposition on genomic regions in (a) KIND1 and (b) HES3 cells. Pie charts represent disposition of H3K79me2 methyl mark over genomic regions, represented as percentage of peaks of KIND1 and HES3 cells during their directed differentiation into cardiac lineage from D0 to D12, D0 to D20, and D12 to D20. D day, UTR untranslated region
ChIP sequencing analysis in (a) KIND1 and (b) HES3 cells during differentiation. ChIP sequencing analysis visualized by integrated genome viewer shows binding profile of H3K79me2 modification across genes specific for pluripotency (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2); and mesodermal cardiac lineage (MYOF, HAND1, NKX2.5, NR2F2, WNT5A, ISL1) in KIND1 cells and (BMP4, MSX1, ISL1, WNT5A, NR2F2, MESP1) in HES3 cells at mentioned time points of cardiac differentiation
On the other hand, deficiency of DOT1L results in cell cycle progression defects and aneuploidy in differentiating ES cells [35, 47]. In support of this, we in our present analysis also noted the significant peaks at PCNA, the gene required for DNA replication known as the marker of cell proliferation of cardiac muscle cells [48]. Additional cell cycle regulators containing an H3K79me2 mark include BUB1 and BRCA1 along with E2F5, an antiapoptotic factor in cardiomyocytes. These analyses, besides confirming the differentiation of KIND1 and HES3 hES cells into the cardiac lineage, also reveal the necessary involvement of dimethylation of H3K79 as a putative activation mark for induction of gene activation during cardiogenesis in vitro.
Dual immunofluorescence: coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in cardiac progenitors
Coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in (a) KIND1 and (b) HES3 cells during differentiation. Dual immunofluorescence revealed coexpression of histone modifier DOT1L (green, nuclear) along with the master cardiac transcription factor NKX2.5 (red, nuclear) on days 12 and 20 during cardiac directed differentiation of KIND1 and HES3. These markers not expressed in undifferentiated cells (D0) of both KIND1 and HES3 cells. Scale bar: 20 μm. D day, DIC differential interference contrast
In support of these results, Dystrophin (DMD) expression was upregulated in cardiac progenitors and beating cardiomyocytes compared to undifferentiated KIND1 cells (Additional file 5). ChIP sequencing analysis also revealed significant peaks representing the H3K79me2 occupancy at the DMD gene in differentiated cardiac cells obtained from both KIND1 and HES3 cells (see Additional file 6). In their mechanistic study, Nguyen and Zhang [38] revealed that DOT1L functions in cardiomyocytes through regulating DMD transcription and that DMD is a direct target of DOT1L. The present study clearly reports a correlated expression of DMD and DOT1L-mediated H3K79me2 methylation in cardiac cells. The results are in compliance with published studies and report the expression of DMD in cardiac cells differentiated from hES cells for the first time, further implying the active involvement of DOT1L during cardiac differentiation.
Knockdown studies: DOT1L deficiency leads to compromised cardiogenesis from KIND1 and HES3 cells
DOT1L expression in (a) KIND1 and (b) HES3 cells after DOT1L siRNA treatment. About 70–75% DOT1L knockdown was achieved by DOT1L siRNA treatment in both KIND1 and HES3 cell lines compared to mock control. Error bars represent ±SEM. Knockdown is a result of three independent experiments. D day
Effect of DOT1L knockdown on (a) KIND1 and (b) HES3 cell morphology on different days of differentiation. Both KIND1 and HES3 cells displayed mesenchymal morphology in their wild-type and nontarget siRNA-treated state characteristic of the mesodermal to cardiac differentiation as compared to the impaired cardiac differentiation pattern noted post DOT1L knockdown. Magnification 10×. D day
Effect of DOT1L knockdown on pluripotent and cardiac specific transcripts by qRT-PCR analysis in (a) KIND1 and (b) HES3 cells. Relative expression for pluripotency (OCT4) and cardiac specific (MESP1, MEF2C, NKX2.5, ISL1, CTNT) transcripts during differentiation of KIND1 and HES3 cells, normalized to internal control RPLPO and presented as fold change of expression. Nonpatterned bars represent expression levels in cells with nontarget siRNA while patterned bars represent expression in cells after DOT1L siRNA treatment. Error bars represent ±SEM of three independent knockdown experiments. Statistical significance: *p < 0.5, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Effect of DOT1L knockdown on coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 during KIND1 differentiation into the cardiac lineage. Immunostaining for DOT1L and NKX2.5 in KIND1 cells during cardiac differentiation. a Coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in nontarget siRNA-treated controls at day 12. b Coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in siRNA-treated cells on day 12. c, d Expression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in siRNA-treated HES3 cells at days 0 and 12 respectively. Scale bar: 20 μm. DIC differential interference contrast
Effect of DOT1L knockdown on coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 during HES3 cell differentiation into the cardiac lineage. Immunostaining for DOT1L and NKX2.5 in HES3 cells during cardiac differentiation. a Coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in nontarget siRNA-treated controls at day 12. b Coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in DOT1L siRNA-treated HES3 cells at days 12. c, d Expression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 in siRNA-treated HES3 cells at days 0 and 12 respectively. Scale bar: 20 μm. DIC differential interference contrast
Discussion
In the present study, we aimed to understand the importance of active histone modifier DOT1L during cardiac differentiation in vitro on hES cells. In-house-derived KIND1 and HES3 cell lines were used for the study. The ability of KIND1 cells to differentiate into cardiac progenitors and beating cardiomyocytes has been published previously [7, 41]; however, the present study provides the first results on cardiac differentiation of HES3 cells using a directed differentiation protocol. ChIP sequencing was performed to look for the DOT1L specific mark H3K79me2 in differentiating KIND1 and HES3 cells. As per the known localization of H3K79me2 modification, significant peaks were noted at the downstream regions of pluripotent genes like OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG, whereas genes like GATA4, HAND1, NR2F2, NKX2.5, MESP1, ISL1, and WNT5A harbored the H3K79me2 peaks as the cells underwent differentiation into cardiac progenitor and cardiomyocyte stages. ChIP sequencing analysis also revealed the significant peaks of H3K79me2 on the DMD gene at days 12 and 20 in both KIND1 and HES3 cells, suggesting its direct upregulation by DOT1L during cardiac differentiation. Employing dual immunofluorescence, colocalization of DOT1L was studied with the master cardiac transcription factor NKX2.5. While NKX2.5 was not expressed in the pluripotent stage, substantial areas showing coexpression of DOT1L and NKX2.5 were located in cardiac progenitors upon differentiation from both KIND1 and HES3 cells. Moreover, expression of DMD was also increased as undifferentiated KIND1 hES cells differentiated into cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes, and correlated with the DOT1L expression and H3K79me2 methylation. Further studies were undertaken to study the effects of loss of DOT1L on differentiating KIND1 and HES3 cells. A 70–75% knock down of DOT1L was obtained in hES cells using siRNA technology. Remarkably, DOT1L knockdown did not show any deleterious effects on the pluripotency of hES cells maintaining their typical morphology as well as the expression of pluripotency gene OCT4; however, deficiency of DOT1L severely attenuated the cardiac differentiation pattern in KIND1 cells as well as HES3 cells. Furthermore, transcription factor NKX2.5 and its downstream targets like GATA4, TBX5, and ISL1 were found to be critically downregulated at cardiac progenitor and cardiomyocyte stages when DOT1L was knocked down. This was further confirmed when cells lacking DOT1L did not show coexpression of NKX2.5 and DOT1L by immunofluorescence. We report the possible involvement of histone activating methyltransferase DOT1L during cardiac differentiation of hES cells. Such studies, besides helping to improve the efficiency of hES cell differentiation, would further aid in better understanding the early events underlying cardiac differentiation in vitro.
High levels of active methylation marks occur upon the euchromatin or the open chromatin that is accessible to the transcription machinery. Cardiac cell fate also depends upon its specific and timely gene expression mechanisms that in turn are largely regulated by active epigenetic modifications like H3K4me3, H3K36me3, and H3K79me2. H3K4me3 is indispensable in cardiac developmental genes, evidenced by exome sequencing to identify the underlying mutations in CHD patients. This includes genes like GATA4, NKX2.5, and TBX5 read with mutated H3K4 methylation [49]. Crucial involvement of MLL2 is also visualized in differentiating mES cells that directly controls cardiac specific genes by promoting H3K4me3 deposition [50]. H3K36me3 represents a second crucial active methylation mark found to be enriched upon NKX2.5. Interaction of H3K36me3 methyltransferase WHSC1 and NKX2.5 has remarkably shown the regulation of another set of genes like PDGFRA and NPPA. In support of this, WHSC1 mutant hearts resulted in cardiac developmental defects consistent with NKX2.5 heterozygous mutants, further confirming their functional link [51]. Results of the present study show the key role of the transcription activating mark represented by H3K79me2 deposited onto the actively transcribing genes by DOT1L. These findings suggest the involvement of multiple histone activating methyltransferases for the activation of a gene in cardiac differentiation. However, what further remains to be revealed is whether there exists a collaborative effort by these epigenetic modifiers and also the effects of loss of one enzyme on the functions of another epigenetic modifier.
NKX2.5 represents a critical cardiac developmental factor that essentially directs the multiple downstream genes required for cardiac morphogenesis and maturation. This is supported by the conduction and contraction defects leading to premature death upon its deletion in vivo [52, 53, 54]. NKX2.5 mutations also predispose the patients to cardiac developmental disorder termed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Involvement of NKX2.5 in processes like cardiomyocyte specification and their homeostasis, development of the conduction system and cardiac muscle cells, as well as septation and nodal formation makes it a central participant in the genetic model for DCM [55, 56, 57, 58]. Several reports also implicate epigenetic factors as causal events of DCM. Nguyen and Zhang [38] showed the significant role of DOT1L in the pathogenesis of DCM and that cardiac-specific conditional knockout for DOT1L in mice was lethal in nature. This study also reported mechanistic details showing DMD as the key target mediating DOT1L function in cardiac cells. Our results are in agreement with these published reports and provide a possible mechanism involving DOT1L during cardiogenesis leading to various pathologies. This further opens up the question of whether the genetic cause of DCM with respect to NKX2.5 is due to failure of its activation by DOT1L and hence its loss of function.
Our study opens up a number of areas that further need to be explored in order to design a DOT1L-centered gene expression model. Similarly, the other gene activating factors might also be involved along with DOT1L since DOT1L is known to function in coordination with MLL2 for maintenance of gene expression in leukemia [59]. Crosstalk among histone methyltransferases also requires further investigation. On the other hand, understanding the effects of overexpression of DOT1L during in-vitro cardiac differentiation might also uncover newer layers of regulation of cardiac gene expression.
Conclusions
The present study, besides uncovering the contribution of DOT1L in cardiac differentiation from hES cells, puts forward a wide range of exciting possibilities that would aid in enhancing the efficiency of cardiac differentiation from hES cells as well as their clinical applications. However, further studies showing altered occupancy of H3K79me2 mark post DOT1L knock down as well as demonstrating direct binding of DOT1L to NKX2.5 in a pure population of cardiomyocytes need to be studied in order to further substantiate our findings.
Notes
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the sequencing facility of the Genome Institute of Singapore for sequencing services, Sandor Life Sciences for sequencing data analysis, the Institute of Medical Biology (IMB) Microscopy Unit for confocal studies, Paul for assistance with providing HES3 cell cultures, Colin Stewart for cell culture facility, and Wai Kay Kok and Rafidah for their technical and experimental inputs. Special thanks to Gopinath Sundaram for guidance in confocal and knockdown studies.
Funding
The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, New Delhi and core funding by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, New Delhi supported this study. The authors also acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology—INSPIRE (DST-INSPIRE), Government of India for providing an INSPIRE fellowship to VP.
Availability of data and materials
The ChIP sequencing raw datasets generated during the current study are available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) repository under accession number SRP115341.
Authors’ contributions
VP was involved in study design, carrying out experiments, performing data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript preparation. DB was involved in obtaining funds, data interpretation, and manuscript preparation. VT was involved in experimental design and discussions. MB was involved in carrying out experiments. PS was involved in experimental and scientific inputs. All authors read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.
Authors’ information
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission. ICMR-NIRRH Accession number RA/502/07-2017.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Supplementary material
References
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