Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

How Does Tobacco Smoke Affect Fetal Growth Potential in the First Trimester of Pregnancy as Measured by Volume Parameters of the Fetus, Trophoblast, and Gestational Sac?

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Reproductive Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We aimed to assess if tobacco smoke, as measured by the serum concentration of cotinine and blood concentration of cadmium, influences the fetal, sac, and trophoblast volume in the first trimester of pregnancy. We enrolled women in weeks 11 to 14 of pregnancy: 35 smokers, 24 passive smokers, and 98 nonsmoking healthy women. We found that the fetus volume was similar in all groups (18.70 ± 6.29, 17.11 ± 5.4, 18.97 ± 7.55 cm3). The trophoblast was significantly smallest in smokers (50.27 ± 19.56, 56.71 ± 23.50, 61.95 ± 22.94 cm3). The trophoblast volume was correlated with cotinine and cadmium concentration (r = −0.54, r = −0.44). In passive smokers, gestational sac and trophoblast volume grew systematically and were correlated with the mean parental height. In smokers, only the gestational sac grew systematically and was correlated with the mean parental height. The fetus volume was independent of mean parental height and intensity of exposure to tobacco smoke. Volumetric changes of the fetus, trophoblast, and sac may be observed in the first trimester; however, their consequences require further research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aliyu MH, Lynch O, Wilson RE, et al. Association between tobacco use in pregnancy and placenta-associated syndromes: a population-based study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283(4):729–734.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jaddoe VW, Verburg BO, de Ridder MA, et al. Maternal smoking and fetal growth characteristics in different periods of pregnancy: the generation R study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(10):1207–1215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tong VT, Jones JR, Dietz PM, D’Angelo D, Bombard JM. Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy - Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 31 sites, 2000-2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009;58(4):1–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rogers JM. Tobacco and pregnancy: overview of exposures and effects. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2008;84(1):1–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Winzer-Serhan UH. Long-term consequences of maternal smoking and developmental chronic nicotine exposure. Front Biosci. 2008;13:636–649.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Li Y, Wang H. In utero exposure to tobacco and alcohol modifies neurobehavioral development in mice offspring: consideration a role of oxidative stress. Pharmacol Res. 2004;49(5):467–473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang X, Zhu J, Chen J, Shang Y. Effects of nicotine on the number and activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;44(8):881–889.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Moore KL. The placenta. In: Moore KL, Persaud TVN, eds. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1993:110–118.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Takagi Y, Nikaido T, Toki T, et al. Levels of oxidative stress and redox-related molecules in the placenta in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Virchows Arch. 2004;444(1):49–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Genbacev O, Bass KE, Joslin RJ, Fisher SJ. Maternal smoking inhibits early human cytotrophoblast differentiation. Reprod Tox-icol. 1995;9(3):245–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Larsen LG, Clausen HV, Jonsson L. Stereologic examination of placentas from mothers who smoke during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(3):531–537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Burton GJ, Palmer ME, Dalton KJ. Morphometric differences between the placental vasculature of non-smokers, smokers an ex-smokers. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96(8):907–915.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang YP, Walsh SW, Guo JD, Zhang JY. Maternal levels of prostacyclin, thromboxane, vitamin E, and lipid peroxides throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 165(6 pt 1):1690–1694.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Morrow RJ, Ritchie JW, Bull SB. Maternal cigarette smoking: the effects on umbilical and uterine blood flow velocity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159(5):1069–10671.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chelchowska M, Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Laskowska-Klita T, Leibschang J. The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on plasma oxidant and antioxidant status in mother and newborn. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;155(2):132–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Odeh M, Hirsh Y, Degani S, et al. Three-dimensional sonographic volumetry of the gestational sac and the amniotic sac in the first trimester. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(3):373–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kusanovic JP, Nien JK, Goncalves LF, et al. The use of inversion mode and 3D manual segmentation in volume measurement of fetal fluid-filled structures: comparison with Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL). Ultrasound Obstet Gyne-col. 2008;31(2):177–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Smeets NA, Winkens B, Prudon M, et al. The predictive value of first trimester fetal volume measurements, a prospective cohort study. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(5):321–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Smith GC, Smith MF, McNay MB, Fleming JE. First-trimester growth and the risk of low birth weight. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(25):1817–1822.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gardosi J, Francis A. Early pregnancy predictors of preterm birth: the role of a prolonged menstruation-conception interval. BJOG. 2000;107(2):228–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mercer BM, Merlino AA, Milluzzi CJ, Moore JJ. Small fetal size before 20 weeks’ gestation: associations with maternal tobacco use, early preterm birth, and birthweight. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(6):673–677.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Antsaklis A, Anastasakis E, Komita O, et al. First trimester 3D volumetry. Association of the gestational volumes with the birth weight. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(8):1055–1059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bukowski R, Smith GC, Malone FD, et al. Fetal growth in early pregnancy and risk of delivering low birth weight infant: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2007;836(7598):836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Falcon O, Peralta CF, Cavoretto P, Auer M, Nicolaides KH. Fetal trunk and head volume in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(5):517–520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Martins WP, Ferriani RA, Nastri CO, Filho FM. First trimester fetal volume and crown-rump length: comparison between singletons and twins conceived by in vitro fertilization. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(9):1360–1364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Martins WP, Nastri CO, Barra DA, et al. Fetal volume and crown-rump length from 7 to 10 weeks of gestational age in singletons and twins. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;145(1):32–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Aviram R, Shpan DK, Markovitch O, Fishman A, Tepper R. Three-dimensional first trimester fetal volumetry: comparison with crown rump length. Early Hum Dev. 2004;80(1):1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nardozza LM, Nowak PM, Araujo JE, et al. Evaluation of placental volume at 7-10+6 weeks of pregnancy by 3D-sonography. Placenta. 2009;30(7):585–589.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Falcon O, Peralta CF, Cavoretto P, Faiola S, Nicolaides KH. Fetal trunk and head volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in chromosomally normal pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(3):263–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Odeh M, Ophir E, Maximovsky O, Grinin V, Bornstein J. Placental volume and three-dimensional power Doppler analysis in prediction of pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age between Week 11 and 13 weeks and 6 days of gestation. Prenat Diagn. 2011;31(4):367–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rosner M, Dar P, Reimers LL, McAndrew T, Gebb J. Firsttrimester 3D power Doppler of the uteroplacental circulation space and fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(5):521–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schwartz N, Sammel MD, Leite R, Parry S. First-trimester placental ultrasound and maternal serum markers as predictors of small-for-gestational-age infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(3):253–258.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hoopmann M, Schermuly S, Abele H, Zubke W, Kagan KO. First trimester pregnancy volumes and subsequent small for gestational age fetuses. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;290(1):41–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Amin H, Singhal N, Sauve RS. Impact of intrauterine growth restriction on neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in very low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(3):306–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rizzo G, Capponi A, Pietrolucci ME, Arduini D. Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on placental volume and vascularization measured by 3-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 415(4):415.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wegrzyn P, Faro C, Falcon O, Peralta CF, Nicolaides KH. Pla-cental volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(1):28–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wegrzyn P, Fabio C, Peralta A, et al. Placental volume in twin and triplet pregnancies measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27(6):647–651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nowak PM, Nardozza LM, Araujo JE, Rolo LC, Moron AF. Comparison of placental volume in early pregnancy using multi-planar and VOCAL methods. Placenta. 2008;29(3):241–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. de Paula CF, Ruano R, Campos JA, Zugaib M. Placental volumes measured by 3-dimensional ultrasonography in normal pregnancies from 12 to 40 weeks’ gestation. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(11):1583–1590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Plasencia W, Akolekar R, Dagklis T, Veduta A, Nicolaides KH. Placental volume at 11-13 weeks’ gestation in the prediction of birth weight percentile. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2011;30(1):23–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, Hofinger D, et al. Comparison between three-dimensional placental volume at 12 weeks and uterine artery impedance/notching at 22 weeks in screening for pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction in a low-risk population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27(6):652–657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Metzenbauer M, Hafner E, Schuchter K, Philipp K. First-trimester placental volume as a marker for chromosomal anomalies: preliminary results from an unselected population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;19(3):240–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Falcon O, Wegrzyn P, Faro C, Peralta CF, Nicolaides KH. Gestational sac volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25(6):546–550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Reus AD, El-Harbachi H, Rousian M, et al. Early first-trimester trophoblast volume in pregnancies that result in live birth or miscarriage. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(5):577–584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk E, Bizon A. Effect of cigarette smoking on vascular flows in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Toxicol. 2014;50:27-35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Li Y, Yan YE, Wang H. Enhancement of placental antioxidative function and P-gp expression by sodium ferulate mediated its protective effect on rat IUGR induced by prenatal tobacco/ alcohol exposure. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011;32(3):465–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. van Oppenraaij RH, Koning AH, van de Hoff MJ, et al. The effect of smoking on early chorionic villous vascularisation. Placenta. 2012;33(8):645–651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Albuquerque CA, Smith KR, Johnson C, Chao R, Harding R. Influence of maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy on uterine, umbilical an fetal cerebral artery blood flows. Early Hum Dev. 2004;80(1):31–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kovo M, Schreiber L, Ben-Haroush A, et al. The placental factor in early- and late-onset normotensive fetal growth restriction. Placenta. 2013;34(4):320–324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bizon A, Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk E, Zalewska M, Zimmer M, Milnerowicz H. Changes in pro/antioxidant balance in smoking and non-smoking pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Toxicol. 2011;32(3):360–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rigano S, Ferrazzi E, Boito S, et al. Blood flow volume of uterine arteries in human pregnancies determined using 3D and bi-dimensional imaging, angio-Doppler, and fluid-dynamic modeling. Placenta. 2010;31(1):37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Konje JC, Howarth ES, Kaufmann P, Taylor DJ. Longitudinal quantification of uterine artery blood volume flow changes during gestation in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. BJOG. 2003;110(3):301–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pomorski M, Zimmer M, Florjanski J, et al. Comparative analysis of placental vasculature and placental volume in normal and IUGR pregnancies with the use of three-dimensional Power Doppler. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(2):331–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 2nd Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland

    Ewa Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk MD, PhD & Mariusz Zimmer MD, PhD

  2. Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland

    Anna Bizoń MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Ewa Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna Bizoń MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mariusz Zimmer MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ewa Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk MD, PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk, E., Bizoń, A. & Zimmer, M. How Does Tobacco Smoke Affect Fetal Growth Potential in the First Trimester of Pregnancy as Measured by Volume Parameters of the Fetus, Trophoblast, and Gestational Sac?. Reprod. Sci. 24, 548–559 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116660845

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116660845

Keywords

Search

Navigation