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Long-Term Gestational Hypoxia Modulates Expression of Key Genes Governing Mitochondrial Function in the Perirenal Adipose of the Late Gestation Sheep Fetus

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Abstract

We previously reported that long-term hypoxia (LTH) increases expression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) genes in the perirenal adipose in the ovine fetus. The mechanisms with which hypoxia mediates the enhanced BAT phenotype are unresolved. This study was designed to examine the effects of LTH on (1) the expression of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and (2) indicators of mitochondrial biogenesis (transcription factors mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), nuclear respiratory factor (NRF) 1, and NRF-2; cytochrome c oxidase (COX) I, II, and IV and mitochondrial DNA content). Pregnant ewes were maintained at high altitude (3820 m) from ∼40 to 137 to 140 days of gestation and perirenal adipose was collected from normoxic control and LTH fetuses. There was no effect of LTH on fetal body weight or perirenal adipose mass. Long-term hypoxia increased (P < .05) perirenal eNOS and phospho-eNOS, messenger RNA (mRNA) for NRF1, NRF-2, mtTFA as well as COX-I, COX-II, and COX-IV mRNA. In contrast, mRNA for 2 markers for cellular proliferation (Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) was lower in perirenal adipose from LTH fetuses compared to controls (P < .05), while mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratio did not differ between groups. In conclusion, nitric oxide may function as a mechanism via which LTH enhances the BAT phenotype in fetal sheep prior to birth. Although there is an apparent increase in genes supporting mitochondrial function and adaptive thermogenesis in response to LTH, there does not appear to be an increased mitochondrial biogenesis per se. Such adaptive changes may provide a mechanism for the prominence of the BAT phenotype observed in the late gestation LTH fetus.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 468, 800 Research Parkway, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Dean A. Myers, Krista Singleton & Kim Hyatt

  2. Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Malgorzata Mlynarczyk, Kanchan M. Kaushal & Charles A. Ducsay

Authors
  1. Dean A. Myers
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  2. Krista Singleton
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  3. Kim Hyatt
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  4. Malgorzata Mlynarczyk
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  5. Kanchan M. Kaushal
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  6. Charles A. Ducsay
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Correspondence to Dean A. Myers.

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Myers, D.A., Singleton, K., Hyatt, K. et al. Long-Term Gestational Hypoxia Modulates Expression of Key Genes Governing Mitochondrial Function in the Perirenal Adipose of the Late Gestation Sheep Fetus. Reprod. Sci. 22, 654–663 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719114561554

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