Abstract
-
1.
The success rate for members of departments of obstetrics and gynecology who apply to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is as good or better than for all applicants to that institute. Tlie number of applications per faculty member, however, has declined by 5 4% for MD faculty and 48% for PhD faculty in the period 1993–1995 compared with 1984–1986.
-
2.
The Society for the Advancement of Women’s Health Research should be approached with a view to establishing national fellowships to support undergraduate and medical students during a research experience in laboratories in departments of obstetrics and gynecology.
-
3.
A committee made up of members of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation Council and the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology should be constituted to restructure residency training in our specialty. Training should consist of 2–3 years of core obstetrics and gynecology, followed by clinical subspecialty training of 2–3 years. Individuals who wish an academic career will then be able to devote an additional 2–3 years full-time to laboratory, patient-oriented, or epidemiologic research.
-
4.
Departments that strive for a research orientation should create a division of reproductive biology with a full voice in executive decisions tvithin the department.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Liggins GC. Adrenocortical-related maturational events in the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;126:931–9.
Monder C, White PC. 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitarn Horm 1993;47:187–271.
Murphy BE. Ontogeny of cortisol-cortisone interconversion in human tissues: A role for cortisone in human fetal development. J Steroid Biochem 1981;14:811–7.
Yang K, Smith CL, Dales D, Hammond GL, Challis JR. Cloning of an ovine 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: Tissue and temporal distribution of its messenger ribonucleic acid during fetal and neonatal development. Endocrinology 1992;131:2120–6.
Stewart PM, Murry BA, Mason JI. Type 2 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human fetal tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1529–32.
Baggia S, Albrecht ED, Pepe GJ. Regulation of 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the baboon placenta by estrogen. Endocrinology 1990;126:2742–8.
Edwards CR, Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Seckl JR. Dysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: Link between fetal environment and adult hypertension? Lancet 1993;341:355–7.
Stewart PM, Rogerson FM, Mason JI. Type 2 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger ribonucleic acid and activity in human placenta and fetal membranes: Its relationship to birth weight and putative role in fetal adrenal steroidogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:885–90.
Agarwal AK, Monder C, Eckstein B, White PC. Cloning and expression of rat cDNA encoding corticosteroid 11 ß-dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1989;264:18939–43.
Tannin GM, Agarwal AK, Monder C, New MI, White PC. The human gene for 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1991;266:16653–8.
Albiston AL, Obeyesekere V, Smith R, Krozowski ZS. Cloning and tissue distribution of the human 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994;105:R11–7.
Agarwal AK, Mune T, Monder C, White PC. NAD-dependent isoform of 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehvdrogenase. J Biol Chem 1994;269:25959–62.
Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Fejes-Toth G. Expression cloning of the aldosterone target cell-specific 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from rabbit collecting duct cells. Endocrinology 1995;136: 2579–86.
Zhou MY, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Cox DL, Cosby D, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Cloning, expression, and tissue distribution of the rat nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Endocrinology’ 1995;136:3729–34..
Rusvai E, Naray-Fejes-Toth A. A new isoform of 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in aldosterone target cells. J Biol Chem 1993;268:10717–20.
Campbell LE, Yu M, Yang K. Ovine 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene predicts a protein distinct from that deduced by the cloned kidney cDNA at the C-terminus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996;119:113–8.
Yang K. Co-expression of two distinct isoforms of 11 ß-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase in the ovine placenta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995;52:337–43.
Yang K, Berdusco ETM, Challis JRG. Opposite effects of glucocorticoid on hepatic 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA and activity in fetal and adult sheep. J Endocrinol 1994;143:121–6.
Yang K, Matthews SG, Challis JRG. Developmental and glu-cocorticoid regulation of pituitary 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 gene expression in the ovine fetus and lamb. J Mol Endocrinol 1995;14:109–16.
Murotsuki J, Gagnon R, Matthews SG, Challis JRG. Effects of long-term hypoxemia on pituitary-adrenal function in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E678–85.
Matsuda Y, Patrick J, Carmichael L, Fraher LJ, Richardson B. Recovery of the ovine fetus from sustained hypoxia: Effects on endocrine, cardiovascular, and biophysical activity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1433–41.
Auffray C, Rougeon F. Purification of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain mRNAs from total myeloma tumor RNA. Eur J Biochem 1980;107:303–14.
Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DN restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem 1983;132:6–13.
Langlois DA, Matthews SG, Yu M, Yang K. Differential expression of 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in the developing ovine fetal liver and kidney. J Endocrinol 1995;147:405–11.
Bailey NTJ. Statistical methods in biology. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1984:43–51.
Yang K. Ovine 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: From gene to flinction. Endocr Res 1995;21:367–77.
Krozowski Z, Maguire JA, Stein-Oakley AN, DowlingJ, Smith RE, Andrews RK. Immunohistochemical localization of the 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II enzyme in human kidney and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2203–9.
Whorwood CB, Mason JI, Ricketts ML, Howie AJ, Stewart PM. Detection of human 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms using reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and localization of the type 2 isoform to renal collecting ducts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995;110:R7–12.
Cole TJ. Cloning of the mouse 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene: Tissue specific expression and localization in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. Endocrinology 1995;136:4693–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bissonnette, J., Chambers, S., Collins, P. et al. Strengthening Research in Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Reprod. Sci. 4, 124–129 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1177/107155769700400302
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107155769700400302