Abstract
The discovery of a second estrogen receptor, ER β in 1996 introduced a new paradigm in our understanding of estrogen action. ER a predominates in the uterus and mammary gland, whereas ER β has significant roles in the central nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems, urogenital tract, bone, kidney, and lung. ER β appears to be the only form expressed in the embryonal central nervous system. Photoestrogens may be good candidates for physiologic ligands of ER β. Coactivator proteins play critical roles in regulating estrogen. Female ER β-deleted mice (fiERKO) develop follicular arrest and anovulation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kuiper GGJM, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, et al. Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5925–30.
Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Grandien K, et al. Human estrogen β-gene structure, chromosomal localization, expression pattern. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4258–65.
Kuiper GGJM, Shughrue PJ, Pelto-Huikko M, et al The estrogen receptor β subtype: A novel mediator of estrogen action in neuroendocrine systems. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinol 1998; 19; 253–86.
Kuiper GGJM, Carlquist M, Gustafsson J.-A. Estrogen is a male and female hormone. Science & Medicine 1998;5:36–45.
Gustafsson J.-Å. Raloxifene: Magic bullet for heart and bone? Nature Medicine 1998;4:152.
Kuiper GGJM, Carlsson B, Grandien K, et al. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β. Endocrino 1997;3:863–70.
Lindner V, Kim SK, Karas RH, et al. Increased expression of estrogen receptor- β mRNA in male blood vessels after vascular injury. Circ Res 1998;83:224–9.
Byers M, Kuiper GGJM, Gustafsson J.-A., et al. Estrogen receptor- β mRNA expression in rat ovary: Down-regulation by gonadotropins. Mol Endocrino 1997;11:172–82.
Paech K, Webb P, Kuiper GGJM, et al. Differential transactivation properties of the estrogen receptor isotypes (α, β): Estrogenlike effects with antiestrogens and antiestrogen effects with estrogen. Science 1997;277:1508–10.
Montano MM, Jaiswal AK, Katzenellenbogen BS. Transcriptional regulation of the human quinone reductase gene by antiestrogen-liganded estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β. J Biol Chem 1998;273:25443–9.
Prins FS, Marnier M, Woodham C, et al. Estrogen receptor beta mRNA ontogeny in the rat prostate and effects of neonatal estrogen exposure on the expression pattern. Endocrinol 1998; 139:874–83.
Lemmen JG, Broekhof JLM, Kuiper GGJM, et al. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta during mouse embryogenesis. Mech Dev 1999;81:163–7.
Johansson L, Thomsen JS, Damdimopoulos AE, et al. The orphan nuclear receptor SHP inhibits agonist-dependent transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors ERα and ER β. J Biol Chem 1999;247:345–53.
Seol W, Hanstein B, Brown M, Moore DD. Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by the orphan receptor SHP (Short Heterodimer Partner). Mol Endocrino 1998;12:1551–7.
Krege JH, Hodgin JB, Couse JF, et al. Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor p. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:15677–82.
Enmark E, Gustafsson J.-A. Oestrogen receptors—an overview. J Intern Med 1999;246:133–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gustafsson, JÅ. Novel Aspects of Estrogen Action. Reprod. Sci. 7 (Suppl 1), S8–S9 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1177/1071557600007001S04
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1071557600007001S04