Skip to main content
Log in

Revisiting marketing's lawlike generalizations

  • Marketing in the 21st Century
  • Published:
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since being recognized as a separate field of inquiry over 75 years ago, marketing has made enormous strides in terms of becoming a scholarly discipline. Marketing scholars have used scientific approaches to discover and document a number of regularities pertaining to consumer behavior and marketing exchages. Many regularities that have been empirically validated have achieved the status of “lawlike generalizations.” In this article, the authors first classify these generalizations into four categories: location centric, time centric, market centric, and competition centric. They then argue that each category is now being affected by at least one major contextual discontinuity that is likely to challenge the relevance, if not validity, of these well-accepted lawlike generalizations. The authors also identify important questions stemming from these discontinuities and issue a call for further research to discover new insights and paradigms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaker, David. 1991.Managing Brand Equity. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alba, Joseph, John Lynch, Barton Weitz, Chris Janiszewski, Richard Lutz, Alan Sawyer, and Stacy Wood. 1997. “Interactive Home Shopping: Consumer, Retailer, and Manufacturer Incentives to Participate in Electronic Marketplaces.”Journal of Marketing 61 (Summer): 38–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, Wroe. 1945. “Factors Governing the Development of Marketing Channels.” InMarketing Channels. Ed. R. M. Clewett. Homewood, IL: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Eugene W., Claes Fornell, and Donald R. Lehmann. 1994. “Customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings From Sweden.”Journal of Marketing 58 (3):53–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anterasian, Cathy, John L. Graham, and R. Bruce Money. 1996. “Are U.S. Managers Superstitious About Market Share?”Sloan Management Review 37(4):67–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, W. Brian. 1996. “Increasing Returns and the New World of Business.”Harvard Business Review 74 (4):100–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assael, Henry and A. Marvin Roscoe, Jr. 1976. “Approaches to Market Segmentation Analysis.”Journal of Marketing 40(October):67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, Frank M. 1969. “A New Product Growth Model for Consumer Durables.”Management Science 15(January):215–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1995. “Empirical Generalizations and Marketing Science: A Personal View.”Marketing Science 14(3):G6-G19.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1995. “Introduction to the Special Issue: Empirical Generalizations in Marketing.”Marketing Science 14(3):G1-G5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bharadwaj, Sundar and Terry Clark. 1998. “Marketing, Market Growth and Endogenous Growth Theory: An Inquiry Into the Causes of Market Growth.” Paper presented at the Marketing Science Institute/Journal of Marketing Conference on Fundamental Issues and Directions for Marketing, June 5–6, Cambridge, MA.

  • Blattberg, Robert C., Richard Briesch, and Edward J. Fox. 1995. “How Promotions Work.”Marketing Science 14(3):G79-G85.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Thomas Buesing, and Subrata Sen. 1980. “Segmentation Strategies for New Brands.”Journal of Marketing 44(Fall):59–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, William and Richard Staelin. 1995. “Identifying Generalizable Effects of Strategic Actions on Firm Performance: The Case of Demand-Side Returns to R & D Spending.”Marketing Science 14(3): G222-G231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburger, Adam M. and Barry J. Nalebuff. 1996.Coopetition. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breyer, Ralph F. 1934.The Marketing Institution. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzzell, Robert D. 1983. “Is Vertical Integration Profitable?”Harvard Business Review 61(January–February):92–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzzell, Robert D. 1998. “In Search of Marketing Principles.” Paper presented at the Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference on Current Developments in Marketing, May 27–30, Norfolk, VA.

  • — and Bradley T. Gale. 1987.The PIMS Principles: Linking Strategy to Performance. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and Gwen Ortmeyer. 1995. “Channel Partnerships Streamline Distribution.”Sloan Management Review 36 (3): 85–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmody, Deirdre. 1991. “Threats to Mass Circulation on Demographic Landscape.”The New York Times, January 7.

  • Carpenter, Gregory S., Rashi Glazer, and Kent Nakamoto. 1998. “Market-Driving Strategy: Toward a New Concept of Competitive Advantage.” Paper presented at the Marketing Science Institute/Journal of Marketing Conference on Fundamental Issues and Directions for Marketing, June 5–6, Cambridge, MA.

  • Contractor, Farok J. and Peter Lorange. 1988. “Why Should Firms Cooperate? The Strategy and Economic Basis for Cooperative Ventures.” InCooperative Strategies in International Business Eds. Farok J. Contractor and Peter Lorange. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Converse, Paul D.. 1949. “New Laws of Retail Gravitation.”Journal of Marketing 14 (October): 379–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Stan. 1987.Future Perfect. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, George S., 1981. “The Product Life Cycle: Analysis and Application Issues.”Journal of Marketing 45 (Fall): 60–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — 1998. “What Does It mean to be Market-Driven?”Business Strategy Review 9 (1): 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dekimpe, Mamik G. and Dominique M. Hanssens. 1995. “Empirical Generalizations About Market Evolution and Stationarity.”Marketing Science 14 (3): G122-G131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhalla, N. K. and S. Yuspeh. 1976. “Forget the Product Life Cycle Concept!”Harvard Business Review 54 (January–February): 102–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, Peter and John Saunders. 1985. “Market Segmentation and Positioning in Specialized Markets.”Journal of Marketing 49 (Spring): 24–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, David 1987. “The Product Life Cycle: A Critical Look at the Literature.” InReview of Marketing. Ed. Michael J. Houston. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghemawat, Pankaj. 1986. “Sustainable Advantage.”Harvard Business Review 64 (September–October): 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, Avijit and Samuel Craig. 1983. “Formulating Retail Location Strategy in a Changing Environment.”Journal of Marketing 47 (Summer): 56–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, Russell I.. 1968. “Benefit Segmentation: A Decision-Oriented Research Tool.”Journal of Marketing 32 (July): 30–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamel, Gary. 1996. “Strategy as Revolution.”Harvard Business Review 74 (July/August): 69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and C. K. Prahalad. 1991. “Corporate Imagination and Expeditionary Marketing.”Harvard Business Review 69 (July–August): 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff David L. 1964. “Defining and Estimating a TradingArea.”Journal of Marketing 28 (July): 34–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, Shelby D. 1976. “The Nature and Scope of Marketing.”Journal of Marketing 40 (July): 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, Robert F. and Tomas M. Hult. 1998. “Innovation, Market Orientation, and Organizational Learning: An Integration and Empirical Examination.”Journal of Marketing 62 (Summer): 42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, Jacob and Robert W. Chestnut. 1978.Brand Loyalty: Measurement and Management. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaworski, Bernard J. and Ajay K. Kohli. 1993. “Market Orientation: An tecedents and Consequences.”Journal of Marketing 57 (Summer): 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyanraman, Gurumurthy, William T. Robinson, and Glen L. Urban. 1995. “Order of Market Entry: Established Empirical Generalizations, Emerging Empirical Generalizations and Future Research.”Marketing Science 14 (3): G212-G226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapferer, Jean-Noel. 1994.Strategic Brand Management: New Approaches to Creating and Evaluating Brand Equity. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, Robert I., 1960. “The Marketing Revolution.”Journal of Marketing 24 (January): 35–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, Kevin Lane. 1993. “Conceptualizing, Measuring and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity.”Journal of Marketing 57 (January): 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerin, Roger A., 1996. “In Pursuit of an Ideal: The Editorial and Literary History of the Journal of Marketing.”Journal of Marketing 60 (Winter): 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, Fumio. 1992. “Technology Fusion and the New R&D.”Harvard Business Review 70 (July–August): 70–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, Ajay K. and Bernard J. Jaworski. 1990. “Market Orientation: The Contruct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications.”Journal of Marketing 54 (April): 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, Philip and Ravi Singh. 1981. “Marketing Warfare in the 1980s.”Journal of Business Strategy 2 (Winter): 30–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, Nirmalya and Lisa Scheer. 1998. “radical and Incremental Product Innovation Among Market Driven and Market Driving Firms.” Paper presented at the Marketing Science Institute;Journal of Marketing Conference on Fundamental Issues and Directions for Marketing, June 5–6, Cambridge, MA.

  • Levitt, Theodore. 1965. “Exploit the Product Life Cycle.”Harvard Business Review 43 (November–December): 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Peter H. 1998. “Web Concern Gets Patent for Electronic Business Model.”The New York Times, August 10.

  • Mahajan, Vijay, Eitan Mueller, and Frank M. Bass. 1995. “Diffusion of New Products: Empirical Generalizations and Managerial Uses.”Marketing Science 14 (3): G79-G85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Greg. 1998. “ ‘Coopetition’ Among Internet Rivals.”Los Angeles Times, May 11.

  • Narver, John C. and Stanley E Slater. 1990. “The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability.”Journal of Marketing 54 (October): 20–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negroponte, Nicolas. 1995.Being Digital. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, John A. and Frank M. Bass. 1987. “A Diffusion Theory Model of Adoption and Substitution for Successive Generations of High Technology Products.”Management Science 33 (September): 1069–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1992., “Evalution of Technological Generations: The Law of Capture.”Sloan Management Review 33 (2): 66–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nua Internet Surveys. 1998. http://www.nua.ie/surveys/

  • Nyquist, Jody D., Mary Jo Bitner, and Bernard H. Booms. 1985. “Identifying Communication Difficulties in the Service Encounter.” InThe Service Encounter. Eds. John Czepiel, Michael Solomon, and Carol Suprenant. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, Joseph T. 1974. “The Concept and Application of Life Style Segmentation.”Journal of Marketing 38 (January): 33–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter Michael. 1980.Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prahalad, C. K. 1995. “Weak Signals Versus Strong Paradigms.”Journal of Marketing Research 32 (Summer): iii.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and Gary Hamel. 1990. “The Core Competence of the Corporation.”Harvard Business Review 68 (May–June): 79–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reibstein, David J. and Paul W. Farris. 1995. “Market Share and Distribution: A Generalization, a Speculation and Some Implications.”Marketing Science 14 (3): G190-G205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, William J. 1931.The Law of Retail Gravitation. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, Robert B. 1953. “A Test of the Law of Retail Gravitaiton.”Journal of Marketing 17 (January): 273–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers Everett. 1962.Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, Mitrabarun, Brian Butler, and Charles Steinfeld. 1998. “Cybermediaries in electronic Marketspace: twoard Theory Building.”Journal of Business Research. 41: 215–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth, Jagdish N. 1981. “Psychology of Innovation Resistance: The Less Developed Concept (LDC) in Diffusion Research.” InResearch in Marketing, Vol. 4. Ed. Jagdish N. Sheth. Greenwich, CT: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1992. “Emerging Marketing Strategies in a Changing Macroeconomic Environment: A Commentary.”International Marketing Review 9 (1): 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and Banwari Mittal. 1996. “A Framework for Managing Customer Expectations.”Journal of Market Focused Management 1: 137–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —,—, and Bruce Newman. 1999.Customer Behavior: Consumer Behavior and Beyond. New York: Dryden.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and Atul Parvatiyar. 1992. “Towards a Theory of Business Alliance Formation.”Scandinavian International Business Review 1 (3): 71–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and S. Ram. 1987.Bringing Innovation to Market. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and Rajendra S. Sisodia. 1995. “Feeling the Heat.”Marketing Management 4 (Fall): 8–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, David M. Gardner, and Dennis E. Garrett. 1988.Marketing Theory: Evolution and Evaluation New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, Hermann. 1994. “Marketing Science's Pilgrimage to the Ivory Tower.” InResearch Traditions in Marketing. Eds. Gilles Laurent, Gary L. Lilien, and Bernard Pras. Boston: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, Stanley F. and John C. Narver. 1995. “Market Orientation and the Learning Organization.”Journal of Marketing 59 (July): 63–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski, David M., Sundar G. Bharadwaj, and P. Rajan Varadarajan. 1993. “An Analysis of the Market Share-Profitability Relationship.”Journal of Marketing 57 (Summer): 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treacy, Michael and Fred Wiersema. 1995.The Discipline of Market Leaders. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tushman, Michael L. and Charles A. O'Reilly III. 1996. “Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change.”California Management Review 38 (Summer): 8–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1997.Winning Through Innovation: A Practical Guide to Leading Organizational Change and Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaile, Roland S., E. T. Grether, and Reavis Cox 1952.Marketing in the American Economy. New York: Ronald Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, Oliver E. 1975.Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, Frederick W. 1979. “A Cost-Benefit Approach to Market Segmentation.”Journal of Marketing 43 (Fall): 103–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wysocki, Bernard, Jr. 1997. “Wealth of Notions.”Wall Street Journal, January 26.

  • Zinkham, George M. and Ruby Hirschheim. 1992. “Truth in Marketing Theory and Research: An Alternative Perspective.”Journal of Marketing 56 (April): 80–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Jagdish N. Sheth is the Charles Kellstadt Professor of Marketing at the Gouizeta Business School, Emory University. He has published 26 books and more than 200 articles in marketing and other business disciplines. His book,The Theory of Buyer Behavior (with John A. Howard), is a classic in the field of consumer behavior and is one of the most cited works in marketing. his other books includeMarketing Theory: Evolution and Evaluation (with David Gardner and Dennis Garrett) andConsumption Values and Market Choices: Theory and Applications (with Bruce Newman and Barbara Gross).

Rajendra S. Sisodia is Trustee Professor of Marketing at Bentley College. Previously, he was an associate professor of marketing and director of executive programs at George Mason University and assistant professor of marketing at Boston University. He has a Ph.D. in marketing from Columbia University. He has published more than 40 articles in journals such asHarvard Business Review, Journal of Business Strategy, Marketing Letters, andMarketing Management. He has also authored about two dozen cases, primarily on strategic and marketing issues in the telecommunications industry, as well as a number of telecommunications industry and company analyses.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sheth, J.N., Sisodia, R.S. Revisiting marketing's lawlike generalizations. J. of the Acad. Mark. Sci. 27, 71–87 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399271006

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399271006

Keywords

Navigation