Skip to main content
Log in

New product launch strategy for network effects products

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the link between launch strategy decisions and new product performance. Much of that research focuses on investigating successful launch strategies for innovative, high-tech-nology products. With the rapid growth of information technology as one high-technology sector, in certain industries,network effects occur, which change the competitive game. The existing literature offers little decisionmaking guidance to managers on how to successfully introduce a product that exhibits network effects. The authors discuss the influence of network effects on the dynamics of market competition and on consumers' consumption behaviors. They argue that, because of these changes, the priority of particular performance objectives and the impact of specific launch strategies differ for products that exhibit network effects from what current wisdom and empirical results prescribe. These ideas are formalized in a conceptual framework and a series of research propositions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ali, A., R. Krapfel Jr., and D. LaBahn. 1995. “Product Innovativeness and Entry Strategy: Impact on Cycle Time and Break-Even Time.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 12: 54–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, B. W. 1994.Increasing Returns and Path Dependency in the Economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1996. “Increasing Returns and the New World of Business.”Harvard Business Review 74 (4): 100–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain, J. S. 1956.Barriers to New Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayus, Barry L., Sanjay Jain, and Ambar G. Rao. 2001. “Truth or Consequences: An Analysis of Vaporware and New Product Announcements.”Journal of Marketing Research 38 (February): 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beard, C. and C. Easingwood. 1996. “New Product Launch: Marketing Action and Launch Tactics for High-Technology Products.”Journal of Marketing Management 25 (2): 87–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besen, S. M. and L. L. Johnson. 1986. “Compatibility Standards, Competition, and Innovation in the Broadcasting Industry.” Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggadike, R. 1979. “The Risky Business of Diversification.”Harvard Business Review 57 (3): 106–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brynjolfsson, E. and C. F. Kemerer. 1996. “Network Externalities in Microcomputer Software: An Econometric Analysis of the Spreadsheet Market.”Management Science 42 (12): 1627–1647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulte, C. V. 2000. “New Product Diffusion Acceleration: Measurement and Analysis.”Marketing Science 19 (4): 366–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, T. 1999. “Back in Focus.”Sales and Marketing Management 151 (2): 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, G. S. and K. Nakamoto. 1989. “Consumer Preference Formation and Pioneering Advantage.”Journal of Marketing Research 26 (August): 285–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, Rashi Glazer, and Kent Nakamoto. 1994. “Meaningful Brands From Meaningless Differentiation: The Dependence on Irrelevant Attributes.”Journal of Marketing Research 31 (August): 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. 1997. “A New Paradigm for Knowledge-Based Competition: Building an Industry Through Knowledge Sharing.”Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 9 (4): 437–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. H. 1999. “The Evolution of Dominant Market Shares: The Role of Network Effects.”Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 7 (2): 83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R. G. 1979. “The Dimensions of Industrial New Product Success and Failure.”Journal of Marketing 43 (March): 93–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and U. D. Brentani. 1991. “New Industrial Financial Services: What Distinguishes the Winners.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 8: 75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and S. J. Edgett. 1996. “Critical Success Factors for New Financial Services.”Marketing Management 5 (3): 26–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and E. J. Kleinschmidt. 1987. “What Makes a New Product a Winner: Success Factors at the Project Level.”R&D Management 17 (3): 175–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and E. J. Kleischmidt. 1990. “New Product, Success Factors: A Comparison of ‘Kills’ Versus Successes and Failures.”R&D Management 20 (1): 47–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cusumano, Michael A., Yiorgas Mylonadis, and Richard S. Rosenbloom. 1992. “Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: The Triumph of VHS Over Beta.”Business History Review 66 (Spring): 51–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, P. 1985. “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY.”American Economic Review 75 (2): 332–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1987. “Some New Standards for the Economics of Standardization in the Information Age.” InEconomic Policy and Technological Performance. P. Dasgupta and P. Stoneman. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and S. Greenstein. 1990. “The Econimics of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction to Recent Research.”Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1 (1/2): 3–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and S. S. Oren. 1986. “Dynamic Nonlinear Pricing in Networks With Interdependent Demand.”Operations Research 34 (May–June): 384–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, P. 1995. “Increasing Returns and Path Dependency in the Economy.” [Review of the bookIncreasing Returns and Path Dependency in the Economy].Journal of Marketing 59 (3): 97–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, Paul W. Farris, and Willem J. M. I. Verbeke. 2001. “Dynamic Strategic Thinking.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 29 (3): 216–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorward, N. 1987. “Pricing in a Marketing Strategy.” InThe Pricing Decision: Economic Theory and Business Practice. N. Dorward. London: Harper & Row, 124–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, Babara, Ashok K. Gupta, and David Willemon. 1999. “What First-to-Market Companies Do differently.”Research-Technology Management, March–April, pp. 15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economides, N. and C. P. Himmelberg. 1995.Critical Mass and Network Size With Application to the U.S. Fax Market. New York: New York University, Stern School of Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliashberg, J. and T. S. Robertson. 1988. “New Product Preannouncing Behavior: A Market Signaling Study.”Journal of Marketing Research 25 (August): 282–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eppen, Gary D., Ward A. Hanson, and Kipp R. Martin. 1991. “Bundling —New Products, New Markets, Low Risk.”Sloan Management Review 7 (summer): 7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, J. and G. Saloner. 1985. “Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation.”RAND Journal of Economics 16 (1): 70–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1986. “Installed Base and Compatibility: Innovation, Product Preannouncements, and Prediction.”The American Economic Review 76 (5): 940–955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandal, N. 1994. “Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test for Network Externalities.”RAND Journal of Economics 25 (1): 160–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. J. and D. M. G. Newbery. 1982. “Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly.”American Economic Review 72 (June): 514–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golder, P. N. and G. J. Tellis. 1993. “Pioneer Advantage: Marketing Logic or Marketing Legend?”Journal of Marketing Research 30 (May): 158–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1997. “Will It Ever Fly? Modeling the Takeoff of Really New Consumer Durables.”Marketing Science 16 (3): 256–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Donna H, Donald W. Barclay, and Adrian Ryans. 1995. “Entry Strategy and Long-Term Performance: Conceptualization and Empirical Examination.”Journal of Marketing 59 (October): 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, Stephen G., Mark B. Gavin, and Linda Aiman-Smith. 1995. “Assessing a Multidimensional Measure of Radical Technological Innovation.”IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management 42 (3): 203–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, A. and A. L. Page. 1993. “An Interim Report on Measuring Product Development Success and Failure.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 10: 291–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1996. “PDMA Success Measurement Project: Recommended Measures for Product Development Success and Failure.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 13: 478–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunenwald, H. P. and T. T. Vernon. 1988. “Pricing Decision Making for High-Technology Products and Services.”Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 3 (1): 61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, Sachin, Dipak C. Jain, and Mohanbir S. Sawhney. 1999. “Modeling the Evolution of Markets With Indirect Network Externalities: An Application to Digital Television.”Marketing Science 18 (3): 396–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, R. S. and D. J. Teece. 1990. “Product Emulation Strategies in the Precence of Reputation Effects and Network Externalities: Some Evidence From the Minicomputer Industry.”Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1: 157–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, S. H. and W. L. Shanklin. 1992. “Seeking Mass Market Acceptance for High-Technology Consumer Products.”Journal of Consumer Marketing 9 (1): 5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. W. L. 1997. “Establishing a Standard: Competitive Strategy and Technological Standards in Winner-Take-All Industries.”Academy of Management Executive 11 (2): 7–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holak, S. L. and D. R. Lehmann. 1987. “The Role of Expectation in the Adoption of Innovative, Consumer Durables: Some Preliminary Evidence.”Journal of Retailing 63 (3): 243–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1990. “Purchase Intentions and the Dimensions of Innovation: An Exploratory Model.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 7: 59–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horsky, D. 1990. “A Diffusion Model Incorporating Product Benefits, Price, Income and Information.”Marketing Science 9 (4): 342–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultink, E. and J. P. L. Schoormans. 1995. “How to Launch a New High-Tech Product Successfully: An Analysis of Marketing Managers' Strategy Choices.”Journal of High Technology Management Research 6: 229–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, Abbie Griffin, Susan Hart, and Henry S. J. Robben. 1997. “Industrial New Product Launch Strategies and Product Development Performance.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 14 (4): 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan, M. and M. Klausner. 1997. “Standardization and Innovation in Corporate Contracting.”Virginia Law Review 83 (4): 713–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyanarm, G. and G. L. Urban. 1992. “Dynamic Effects of the Order of Entry on Market Share, Trial Penetration, and Repeat Purchases for Frequently Purchased Consumer Goods.”Marketing Science 11 ((3): 235–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M. and C. Shapiro. 1985. “Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.”The American Economic Review 75 (3): 424–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1986. “Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities.”Journal of Political Economy 96 (4): 822–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1992. “Product Introduction With Network Externalities.”Journal of Industrial Economics 11 (March): 55–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1994. “Systems Competition and Network Effects.”Journal of Economic Perspective 8 (2): 93–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerin, Roger A., P. Rajan Varadarajan, and Robert A. Peterson. 1992. “First-Mover Advantage: A Synthesis, Conceptual Framework, and Research Propositions.”Journal of Marketing 53 (4): 33–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerstetter, Jim, S. Hamm, and S. E. Ante. 2003. “The Linux Uprising.”Business Week, March 3, pp. 78–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P. 1994.Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambkin, M. 1988. “Order of Entry and Performance in New Markets.”Strategic Management Journal 9: 127–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1992. “Pioneering New Markets: A Comparison of Market Share Winners and Losers.”International Journal of Research in Marketing 9:5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Yikuan. 2000. “The Impact of Launch Strategy on New Product Performance: The Moderating Roles of Network Effects and Innovativeness.” Dissertation. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leifer, R., G. C. O'Connor, and Mark Rice. 2001. “Creating Game Changers in Mature Firms: The Role of Radical Innovation Hubs.”Academy of Management Executive 15 (3):102–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, T. and R. J. Calantone. 1998. “The Impact of Market Knowledge Competence on New Product Advantage: Conceptualization and Empirical Examination.”Journal of Marketing 62 (October):13–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. B. and D. B. Montgomery. 1988. “First-Mover Advantages.”Strategic Management Journal 9:41–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1998. “First-Mover (Dis)advantages: Retrospective and Link With the Resources-Based View.”Strategic Management Journal 19:1111–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, B. and H. S. Krishnan. 1996. “Buyer Responses to New Product Announcements: A Conceptual Framework.” Paper presented at the American Marketing Association's Winter Educators' Conference. Marketing Theory and Applications, Chicago.

  • — and R. Walters. 1997. “Toward a Model of New Product Preannouncement Timing.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 14:4–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G. A. 1991.Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling Technology Procducts to Mainstream Customers. New York: Harper Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Michael J., William Boulding, and Ronald C. Goostein. 1991. “Pioneering and Market Share: Is Entry Time Endogenous and Does It Matter?”Journal of Marketing Research 28 (February):97–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulhern, F. J. and R. P. Leone. 1991. “Implicit Price Bundling of Retail Products: A Multiproduct Approach to Maximizing Store Profitability.”Journal of Marketing 55 (October):63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagle, T. T.. 1987.The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter. 1982. “The Schumpeterian Tradeoff Revisited.”The American Economic Review 72 (1):114–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norsworthy, R. and Y. Lee. 1998. “Returns to Scale and Network Effects.” Working Paper. Lally School of Management and Technology, Troy, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padmanabhan, V., Surendra Rajiv, and Kanna Srinivasan. 1997. “New Products, Upgrades, and New Releases: A Rationale for Sequential Product Introduction.”Journal of Marketing Research 34 (4):456–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paun, D. 1993. “When to Bundle or Unbundle Products.”Journal of Marketing Management 22:29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, E. and M. Visscher. 1977. “Sequential Location Among Firms With Foresight.”Bell Journal of Economics 8 (Autumn):378–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabino, S. and T. E. Moore. 1989. “Managing New-Product Announcements in the Computer Industry.”Industrial Marketing Management 18:35–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, W. H. 1991. “When Technologies Compete: The Role of Externalities in Nonlinear Market Response.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 8:170–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riggins, Rederick J., Charles H. Kriebel, and Tridas Mukhopadhyay. 1994. “The Growth of Interorganizational Systems in the Presence of Network Externalities.”Management Science 40 (8):984–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, T. S. 1993. “How to Reduce Market Penetration Cycle Time.”Sloan Management Review 35 (1):87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Jehoshua Eliashberg, and Talia Rymon. 1995. “New Product Announcement Signals and Incumbent Reaction.”Journal of Marketing 59 (July):1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and H. Gatignon. 1986. “Competitive Effects on Technology Diffusion.”Journal of Marketing 50:1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B. and C. Lakhani. 1975. “Dynamic Price Models for New-Product Planning.”Management Science 21 (10):1113–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, W. T. and C. Fornell. 1985. “Sources of Market Pioneer Advatages in Consumer Goods Industries.”Journal of Marketing Research 22 (August):305–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, E. M. (1995).Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbloom, R. S. and M. A. Cusumano. 1987. “Technological Pioneering and Competitive Advantage: The Birth of the VCR Industry.”California Management Review 24 (4):51–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmalensee, R. 1982. “Product Differentiation Advantage of Pioneering Brands.”American Economic Review 27 (June):349–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1984. “Gaussian Demand and Commodity Bundling.”Journal of Business 57 (1):s211-s230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnaars, S. P. 1986 “When Entering Growth Markets, Are Pioneers Better Than Poachers.”Business Horizons 29 (2):27–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, S. 1998. “Some Approaches to Complementary Product Strategy.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 15:352–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, C. and H. R. Varian. 1999a. “The Art of Standard Wars.”California Management Review 41 (2):8–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 1999bInformation Rule. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheremata, W. A. 1997. “Barrierts to Innovation: A Monopoly Network Externalities, and the Speed of Innovation.”The Antitrust Bulletin 42 (4):937–972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shurmer, M. 1993. “An Investigation Into Sources of Network Externalities in the Packaged PC Software Market.”Information Economics and Policy 5 (3):231–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar, K. and S. P. Raj. 1997. “Quality Tier Competition: How Price Change Influences Brand Choice and Category Choice.”Journal of Marketing 61 (July):71–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, M. 1977. “Entry, Capacity, Investment, and Oligopolistic Pricing.”Bell Journal of Economics 8 (Autumn):534–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tellis, G. 1986. “Beyond the Many Faces of Price: An Integration of Pricing Strategies.”Journal of Marketing 50 (October):146–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and P. N. Golder. 1996. “First to Market, First to Fall? Real Causes of Enduring Market Leadership.”Sloan Management Review 37 (Winter):65–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and —. 2001. “Will and Vision: How Latecomers, Came to Dominate American Business.” New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traynor, K. and S. C. Traynor. 1989. “Marketing Approaches Used by High Tech Firms.”Industrial Marketing Management 18:281–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urban, G. L., T. Carter, S. Gaskin, andZ. Mucha 1986. “Market Share Rewards to Pioneering Brands: An Empirical Analysis and Strategic Implications.”Management Science 32 (June):645–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, J. 1984. “Market-Related Pricing System.” InPricing for Results. J. Winkler. New York: Facts on File, 56–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, M. S. 1994. “How Buyers Evaluate Product Bundles: A Model of Anchoring and Adjustment.”Journal of Consumer Research 21 (September):342–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and K. B. Monroe. 1993. “How Buyers Perceive Savings in a Bundle Price: An Examination of a Bundle's Transaction Value.”Journal of Marketing Research 30 (August):350–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yap, C. M. and W. E. Souder. 1994. “Factors Influencing New Product Success and Failure in Small Entrepreneurial High-Technology Electronics Firms.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 11:418–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, E. and G. L. Lilien. 1985. “New Industrial Product Performance: The Effects of Market Characteristics and Strategy.”Journal of Product Innovation Management 2 (3):134–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, B. 1995. “AT&T Univeils Device Giving TV-Screen Data.”Wall Street Journal, January 6, p. B2.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Yikuan Lee is an assistant professor in the International Business Department at San Francisco State University (SFSU). Before joining SFSU, she held a visiting position in the Marketing & Supply Chain Department at Michigan State University. Her research interests include commercialization of innovative products, network effects, new product development, and strategic marketing management in high-technology arenas. Much of her work focuses on how firms integrate marketing and technology competences. She received the Best Dissertation Award and the Best Paper Award at the 1999 Product Development and Management Association (PDMA) International Conference. She also won the 2000 Edl and Edith Darger Dissertation Prize in Management in recognition of outstanding academic achievement. She has published in theJournal of Product Innovation Management.

Gina Colarelli O'Connor is an assistant professor in the Lally School of Management and Technology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Her fields of interest include new product development, radical innovation, and strategic marketing management in high-technology arenas. The majority of her research efforts forcus on how firms link advanced technology development to market opportunities. She has articles published in numerous academic journals, including theJournal of Product Innovation Management, Organization Science, California Management Review, Academy of Management Executive, theJournal of Strategic Marketing, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, Psychology and Marketing, among others, and is coauthor of the bookRadical Innovation, How Mature Firms Can Outsmart Upstarts (HBS Press, 2000).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lee, Y., O'Connor, G.C. New product launch strategy for network effects products. JAMS 31, 241–255 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303031003003

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303031003003

Keywords

Navigation