Abstract
For almost half a century, researchers have examined consumer knowledge of prices, often with disturbing and conflicting results. Although the general findings suggest that consumer knowledge of prices is poorer than assumed in neoclassical economic theory, significant variations among results exist. The authors synthesize findings from prior studies to determine the impact of research design choices on price recall accuracy measures. A meta-analysis indicates that a significant amount of variation in the accuracy of consumers’ price recall is related to research design characteristics such as the presence of financial rewards, respondents’ task size, and the price elicitation approach. Implications for price awareness research are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alba, Joseph W., Susan M. Broniarczyk, Terrence A. Shimp, and Joel E. Urbany. 1994. “The Influence of Prior Price Beliefs, Frequency Cues, and Magnitude Cues on Consumers’ Perceptions of Comparative Price Data.”Journal of Consumer Research 21 (September): 219–235.
— and Howard Marmorstein. 1987. “The Effects of Frequency Knowledge on Consumer Decision Making.”Journal of Consumer Research 14 (June): 14–25.
Assmus, Gert, John U. Farley, and Donald R. Lehmann. 1984. “How Advertising Affects Sales: Meta-Analysis of Economietric Results.”Journal of Marketing Research 21 (February): 65–74.
Belsley, D., E. Kuh, and R. E. Walsh. 1980.Regression Diagnostics. New York: John Wiley.
Bettman, J. 1979.An Information Processing Perspective of Consumer Behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Biswas, A., E. J. Wilson, and J. W. Licata. 1993. “Reference Pricing Studies in Marketing: A Synthesis of Research Results.”Journal of Business Research 27 (2): 239–256.
Brown, E. E. 1971. “Who Perceives Supermarket Prices Most Validly?”Journal of Marketing Research 8 (February): 110–113.
Brown, S. P. and R. A. Peterson. 1993. “Antecedents and Consequences of Salesperson Job Satisfaction.”Journal of Marketing Research 30 (1): 63–77.
Calantone, R. and A. G. Sawyer. 1978. “The Stability of Benefit Segments.”Journal of Marketing Research 15 (3): 395–404.
Carroll, D., J. R. Turner, and R. Prasad. 1986. “The Effects of Level of Difficulty of Mental Arithmetic Challenge on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption.”International Journal of Psychophysiology 4: 167–173.
Celsi, R. L., and J. C. Olson. 1988. “The Role of Involvement in Attention and Comprehension Processes.”Journal of Consumer Research 15 (September): 210–224.
Census Bureau. 1966.Income Distribution in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
—. 1974.Programs to Measure Consumer Purchase Expectations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
—. 1979.Factfinder for the Nation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
—. 1982.Factfinder for the Nation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
—. 1992.Studies in the Distribution of Income. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
—. 1998.Current Population Reports, Series P-60: Consumer Income. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Chernatony, Leslie and Simon Knox. 1992. “Brand Price Recall: The Implications for Pricing Research.”Marketing Intelligence and Planning 10 (9): 17–20.
Compeau, Larry D. and Dhruv Grewal. 1998. “Comparative Price Advertising: An Integrative Review.”Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 17 (2): 257–273.
Conover, J. N. 1986. “The Accuracy of Price Knowledge: Issues in Research Methodology.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 13. Ed. Richard Lutz. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 589–593.
Cooper, Harris M. 1984.The Integrative Research Review: A Systematic Approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Dansereau, D. F. and L. W. Gregg. 1966. “An Information Processing Analysis of Mental Multiplication.”Psychonomic Science 6 (2): 71–72.
Dawes, Robyn M. and B. Corrigan. 1974. “Linear Models in Decision Making.”Psychological Bulletin 81 (February): 95–106.
Dickson, P. R. and A. G. Sawyer. 1990. “The Price Knowledge and Search of Supermarket Shoppers.”Journal of Marketing 54 (3): 42–53.
Dolan, Robert J. and Hermann Simon 1996.Power Pricing: How Managing Price Transforms the Bottom Line. New York: Free Press.
Estelami, Hooman. 1995. “Multi-Dimensional Price Integration.” Working paper. Columbia University, Graduate School of Business, New York.
—. 1997. “Consumer Perceptions of Multi-Dimensional Prices.” In Merrie Brucks and Deborah J. MacInnis (Eds.),Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 24. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 392–399.
—. 1998. “The Price Is Right... or Is It? Demographic and Category Effects on Consumer Price Knowledge.”Journal of Product and Brand Management 7 (3): 254–266.
Farley, John, and Donald R. Lehmann. 1986.Meta-Analysis in Marketing: Generalization of Response Models. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
—, Donald R. Lehmann, and Lane H. Mann. 1998. “Designing the Next Study for Maximum Impact.”Journal of Marketing Research 35 (4): 496–501.
Gabor, Andre and Clive W. Granger. 1961. “On the Price Consciousness of Consumers.”Applied Statistics 10 (November): 170–188.
Gardiner, J. M. and R. Java. 1993. “Recognizing and Remembering.” InTheories of Memory. Eds. A. Collins, M. A. Conway, S. E. Gathercole, and P. E. Morris. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 163–188.
Goldman, A. 1977. “Consumer Knowledge of Food Prices as an Indicator of Shopping Effectiveness.”Journal of Marketing 41 (4): 67–75.
Hair, Joseph F. Jr, Rolph E. Anderson, Ronald L. Tatham, and William C. Black. 1998.Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hamann, Stephen B. 1990. “Level of Processing Effects in Conceptually Driven Implicit Tasks.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 (6): 970–977.
Harrel, G. D., M. D. Hutt, and J. W. Allen. 1976.Universal Product Code: Price Removal and Consumer Behavior in Supermarkets. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
Helgeson, James G. and Sharon E. Beatty. 1987. “Price Expectation and Price Recall Error: An Empirical Study.”Journal of Consumer Research 14 (December): 379–386.
Helson, H. (1964)Adaptation-Level Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
“How Much Do Consumers Know About Retail Prices?” 1964.Progressive Grocer, February, pp. 104–106.
Jacoby, J. and J. C. Olson. 1977. “Consumer Response to Price: An Attitudinal, Information-Processing Perspective.” InMoving Ahead With Attitude Research. Eds. Y. Wind and M. Greenberg. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 73–86.
Johnson, E. J. and J. W. Payne. 1985. “Effort and Accuracy in Choice.”Management Science 31 (2): 395–414.
Krishna, A., I. S. Currim, and R. W. Shoemaker. 1991. “Consumer Perceptions of Promotional Activity.”Journal of Marketing 55 (2): 4–16.
Lawson, Rob, Jurgen Gnoth, and Kerry Paulin. 1995. “Tourists’ Awareness of Prices for Attractions and Activities.”Journal of Travel Research 12 (Summer): 3–10.
Le Boutillier, John, Susanna Shore Le Boutillier, and Scott Neslin. 1994. “A Replication and Extension of the Dickson and Sawyer Price-Awareness Study.”Marketing Letters 5 (January): 31–42.
Lehmann, Donald R., Sunil Gupta, and Joel H. Steckel. 1998.Marketing Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Lindsay, P. H. and D. A. Norman. 1972.Human Information Processing. New York: Academic Press.
Marketing Fact Book. 1995. Chicago: Information Resources.
Marshall, Alfred. 1890.Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan.
Mazumdar, Tridib, and Kent B. Monroe. 1990. “The Effects of Buyers’ Intentions to Learn Price Information on Price Encoding.”Journal of Retailing 66 (1): 15–32.
—. 1992. “Effects of Inter-Store and In-Store Price Comparisons on Price Recall Accuracy and Confidence.”Journal of Retailing 68 (1): 66–89.
McGoldrick, Peter J., Erica J. Betts, and Alexandra F. Wilson. 1999. “Modeling Consumer Price Cognition: Evidence From Discount and Superstore Sectors.”The Service Industries Journal 19 (1): 171–184.
— and Helen J. Marks. 1987. “Shoppers’ Awareness of Retail Grocery Prices.”European Journal of Marketing 21 (3): 63–76.
Monroe, Kent B. 1973. “Buyers’ Subjective Perceptions of Price.”Journal of Marketing Research 10 (1): 70–80.
—. 1990.Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
— and Angela Y. Lee. 1999. “Remembering Versus Knowing: Issues in Buyers’ Processing of Price Information.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27 (2): 207–225.
—, C. B. Powell, and P. K. Choudhury. 1986. “Recall Versus Recognition as a Measure of Price Awareness.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 13. Ed. Richard J. Lutz. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 320–331.
Nagle, T. and R. Holden. 1995.The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Newell, Allan and Herbert A. Simon. 1972.Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Ofir, Chezy and Andre Khuri. 1986. “Multicollinearity in Marketing Models: Diagnostics and Remedial Measures.”International Journal of Research in Marketing 12 (3): 181–205.
Peterson, Robert A., Gerald Albaum, and Richard F. Beltramini. 1985. “A Meta-Analysis of Effect Sizes in Consumer Behavior Experiments.”Journal of Consumer Research 12 (June): 97–103.
“Poor Price-Quiz Scores Give Shoppers No Cause for Price.” 1977.Progressive Grocer, January, p. 33.
Rajendran, K. N., and Gerald L. Tellis. 1994. “Contextual and Temporal Components of Reference Price.”Journal of Marketing Research 58 (January): 33–44.
Rao, Akshay and Kent B. Monroe. 1989. “The Effect of Price, Brand Name, and Store Name on Buyers’ Perceptions of Product Quality: An Integrative Review.”Journal of Marketing Research 26 (August): 351–357.
Roediger, Henry L. and Kathleen B. McDermott. 1993. “Implicit Memory in Normal Human Subjects.” InHandbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 8. Eds. F. Boller and J. Grafma. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 63–131.
Rosenthal, Robert. 1978. “Combining Results of Independent Studies.”Psychological Bulletin 85 (2): 185–193.
—. 1991.Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research. London: Sage.
Russo, J. E. and B. A. Dosher. 1983. “Strategies for Multi-attribute Binary Choice.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9 (3): 676–696.
Sawyer, Alan G. 1974. “The Effects of Repetition: Conclusions and Suggestions About Experimental Laboratory Research.” InBuyer/Consumer Information Processing. Eds. G. D. Hughes and M. L. Ray. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 78–91.
— 1975. “Demand Artifacts in Laboratory Experimentation.”Journal of Consumer Research 1 (March): 20–30.
Schindler, Robert M. and Alan R. Wiman. 1989. “Effects of Odd Pricing on Price Recall.”Journal of Business Research 19 (2): 165–177.
Shiffrin, R. M. and R. C. Atkinson. 1969. “Storage and Retrieval Processes in Long-Term Memory.”Psychological Review 76 (1): 179–193.
“Shoppers Cry ‘Remember the Price’—But Do They Practice What They Screech?” 1980.Progressive Grocer, November, pp. 119–122.
Stephens, L. F. and R. L. Moore. 1977. “Price Accuracy as a Consumer Skill.”Journal of Advertising Research 15 (4): 27–34.
Sudman, Seymour and Edward Blair. 1998.Marketing Research: A Problem Solving Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sultan, F., J. U. Farley, and D. R. Lehmann. 1990. “A Meta-Analysis of Applications of Diffusion Models.”Journal of Marketing Research 27 (1): 70–77.
Taylor, Steven A. 1997. “Assessing Regression-Based Importance Weights for Quality Perceptions and Satisfaction Judgements in the Presence of Higher Order and/or Interaction Effects.”Journal of Retailing 73 (Spring): 135–159.
Tetlock, P. 1983. “Accountability and Complexity of Thought.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 74–83.
Turley, L. W., and R. F. Cabannis. 1995. “Price Knowledge for Services: An Empirical Investigation.”Journal of Professional Services Marketing 12 (1): 39–52.
Urbany, Joel E. and Peter R. Dickson. 1991. “Consumer Normal Price Estimation: Market Versus Personal Standards.”Journal of Consumer Research 18 (June): 45–51.
Wakefield, K. L. and J. J. Inman. 1993. “Who Are the Price Vigilantes? An Investigation of Differentiating Characteristics Influencing Price Information Processing.”Journal of Retailing 69 (2): 216–233.
Weinstein, Art. 1994.Market Segmentation. Chicago: Probus.
“What Shoppers Know and Don’t Know About Prices.” 1974.Progressive Grocer, November, 39–41.
Wilson, E. J. and D. L. Sherrell. 1993. “Source-Effects in Communication and Persuasion Research: A Meta Analysis of Effect Size.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 21 (2): 101–112.
Winer, R. S. 1986. “A Reference Price Model of Brand Choice for Frequently Purchased Products.”Journal of Consumer Research 13 (2): 250–256.
Yadav, Manjit S. and Kathleen Seiders. 1998. “Is the Price Right? Understanding Contingent Processing in Reference Price Formation.”Journal of Retailing 74 (3): 311–329.
Zeithaml, V. A. 1982. “Consumer Response to In-Store Price Information Environment.”Journal of Consumer Research 8 (4): 357–369.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Hooman Estelami is an assistant professor of marketing and codirector of the Pricing Center at the Graduate School of Business, Fordham University. His research has been published in, among others, theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Service Research, theJournal of Product and Brand Management, theJournal of Marketing Theory and Practice, theJournal of Consumer Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, theJournal of Professional Services Marketing, theJournal of Business in Developing Nations.
Donald R. Lehmann is George E. Warren professor of marketing at the Graduate School of Business, Columbia University. His research has been published in theJournal of Marketing Research, theJournal of Marketing, Marketing Science, theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of Retailing, theJournal of Product Innovation Management, Management Science, Marketing Letters, and elsewhere. He has written numerous books related to marketing research and marketing management.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Estelami, H., Lehmann, D.R. The impact of research design on consumer price recall accuracy: An integrative review. JAMS 29, 36–49 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070301291003
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070301291003