Abstract
Exploratory laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments have been performed to determine the feasibility of study of carbene chemistry in supercritical fluids (SCF’s). Diphenylcarbene (Ph2C:) has been generated by 266 nm LFP of diphenyldiazomethane (Ph2CN2) in supercritical ethane, carbon dioxide and fluoroform. Diphenylcarbene was found: to react with ethane to form diphenylmethyl radical (Ph2C*H); to react with CO2 to most likely form diphenyloxiranone; and to be unreactive towards CHF3. The LFP results are discussed in terms of SCF solvent dynamics and the potential of SCF’s to influence carbene reactivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
See contributions in: a) E. Kiran and J.F. Brennecke (Eds.), Supercritical Fluid Engineering Science: Fundamentals and Applications ACS Symposium Series 514, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1993); b) F.V. Bright and M.E.P. McNally (Eds.), Supercritical Fluid Technology, ACS Symposium Series 488, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1992); c) T.J. Bruno and J.F. Ely (Eds.), Supercritical Fluid Technology: Reviews in Modern Theory and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1991); d) K.P. Johnston and J. Penninger, Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology, ACS Symposium Series 406, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1989).
See for example: a) W. Kimse, Carbene Chemistry, 2nd. Ed., Academic Press, New York, NY (1971); b) R.A. Moss and M. Jones, Jr. (Eds.), Carbenes Wiley-Interscience, New York, Vol. 1, (1973); c) R.A. Moss and J.M. Jones, Jr. (Eds.), Carbenes Wiley-Interscience, New York, Vol. II (1975); d) J.C. Scaiano, In: Chemical Kinetics of Small Organic Radicals, Z.B. Alfassi (Ed.), pp. 73-101, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Vol. III (1988); e) M.S. Platz (Ed.), Kinetics and Spectroscopy of Carbenes and Biradicals Plenum, New York (1990).
a) B.A. Charpentier and M.R. Sevenants (Eds.), Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography, ACS Symposium Series 366, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1988); b) Ref. [lb].
a) S. Angus, B. Armstrong, and D.M. de Reuck (Eds.), International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1976); b) R.C. Reid, J.M. Prausnitz, and B.E. Pooling, The Properties of Gases and Liquids 4th Ed., pp. 424-426, McGraw-Hill, New York (1987).
C.B. Roberts, J.E. Chateauneuf, and J.F. Brennecke, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 8455 (1992).
I.B. Petsche and P.G. Debeneditti, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 7075 (1989).
R.L. Barcus, L.M. Hadel, L.J. Johnston, M.S. Platz, T. Savino, and J.C. Scaiano, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 3928 (1986).
J.E. Chateauneuf, C.B. Roberts, and J.F. Brennecke, in —, pp. 106–120.
C.N.R. Rao, S. Singh, and V.P. Senthilnathan, Chem. Soc. Rev. 5, 297 (1976); M.F. Nichol, Appl. Spectroscopy Rev. 8, 183 (1974); A.T. Amos and B.L. Burrows, In: Advances in Quantum Chemistry, P.-O. Löwdih (Ed.), pp. 289-313, Academic Press, New York (1973).
C.B. Roberts, J.F. Brennecke, and J.E. Chateauneuf, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., in press.
M.S. Platz and V.M. Maloney, in —, pp. 239–352.
J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th Ed., p. 191, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1992).
C.B. Roberts, J. Zhang, J.F. Brennecke, and J.E. Chateauneuf, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 5618 (1993).
a) K.P. Johnston, S. Kim, and J. Combes, in, —, pp. 52–70; b) B.L. Knutson, D.L. Tomasko, C.A. Eckert, P.G. Debenedetti, and A.A. Chialvo, in Ref. [lb], pp. 60-71.
R.W. Fessenden and J.C. Scaiano, Chem. Phys. Lett. 117, 103 (1985).
R. Wheland and P.D. Bartlett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 6057 (1970).
a) S. Wierlacher, W. Sander, and M.T.H. Liu, J. Org. Chem. 57, 1051 (1992); b) W.W. Sander, J. Org. Chem. 54, 4265 (1989).
J.M. Prausnitz, R.N. Lichtenthaler, and A.G. Azevedo, Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria. 2nd Ed., p. 391, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1986).
a) —, Ch. 12 and [2b], Ch. 1.
I.D.R. Stevens, M.T.H. Liu, N. Soundararajan, and N. Paike, Tetrahedron Lett. 30, 481 (1989).
In general, SCF’s may prove to be extremely valuable to achieve gaseous substrate concentrations that greatly exceed the saturation limits of normal liquids.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chateauneuf, J.E. Exploratory laser flash photolysis investigations of diphenylcarbene reactivity in supercritical fluids. Res. Chem. Intermed. 20, 159–173 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856794X00171
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156856794X00171