References
Andreasson, K. I., Savonenko, A., Vidensky, S., Goellner, J. J., Zhang, Y., Shaffer, A., Kaufmann, W. E., Worley, P. F., Isakson, P. and Markowska, A. L. (2001). Age-dependent cognitive deficits and neuronal apoptosis in cyclooxygenase-2 transgenic mice, J. Neurosci. 21, 8198–8209.
Bodamyali, T., Stevens, C. R., Billingham, M. E., Ohta, S. and Blake, D. R. (1998). Influence of hypoxia in inflammatory synovitis (Review), Ann. Rheum. Dis. 57, 703–710.
Cuzzocrea, S., Wayman, N. S., Mazzon, E., Dugo, L., Di Paola, R., Serraino, I., Britti, D., Chatterjee, P. K., Caputi, A. P. and Thiemermann, C. (2002). The cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 attenuates the development of acute and chronic inflammation, Mol. Pharmacol. 61, 997–1007.
Dieppe, P. A., Ebrahim, S., Martin, R. M. and Juni, P. (2004). Lessons from the withdrawal of rofecoxib, Br. Med. J. 329, 867–868.
DuBois, R. N. (1999). COX-2 in large bowel cancer: a one-sided story, Gut 45, 636–637.
Edwards, J., Mukherjee, R., Munro, A. F., Wells, A. C., Almushatat, A. and Bartlett, J. M. (2004). HER2 and COX-2 expression in human prostate cancer, Eur. J. Cancer 40, 50–55.
Egan, K. M., Lawson, J. A., Fries, S., Koller, B., Rader, D. J., Smyth, E. M. and Fitzgerald, G. A. (2004). COX-2 derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice, Science 306, 1954–1957.
Fitzgerald, G. A. (2004). Coxibs and cardiovascular disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1709–1711.
Gilroy, D. W., Colville-Nash, P. R., Willis, D., Chivers, J., Paul-Clark, M. J. and Willoughby, D. A. (1999). Inducible cyclooxygenase may have anti-inflammatory properties, Nature Med. 5, 698–701.
Goodson, N. J., Wiles, N. J., Lunt, M., Barrett, E., Silman, A. J. and Symmons, D. P. M. (2002). Mortality in early inflammatory polyarthritis: cardiovascular mortality is increased in seropositive patients, Arthritis Rheum. 46, 2010–2019.
Li, L., Tao, J., Davaille, J., Feral, C., Mallat, A., Rieusset, J., Vidal, H. and Lotersztajn, S. J. (2001). 15-deoxy-Delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces apoptosis of human hepatic myofibroblasts. A pathway involving oxidative stress independently of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors, Biol. Chem. 276, 38152–38158.
Pruthi, R. S. and Derksen, E. (2004). A phase II trial of celecoxib in PSA recurrent prostate cancer after definitive radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy, J. Clin. Oncol. 22(Suppl.), 4593 (Abstract).
Pignatelli, M., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J., Santos, A. and Perez-Castillo, A. (2005). 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces programmed cell death of breast cancer cells by a pleiotropic mechanism, Carcinogenesis 26, in press.
Schonbeck, U., Sukhova, G. K., Graber, P., Coulter, S. and Libby, P. (1999). Augmented expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic lesions, Am. J. Pathol. 155, 1281–1291.
VIOXX Information Centre (2004). Accessible at http://www.merck.com
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blake, D.R., Shenker, N., Cohen, H. et al. What if Derek Willoughby were right? Cyclo-oxygenase is an anti-inflammatory enzyme. Inflammopharmacol 12, 465–471 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856005774382742
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156856005774382742