Arnold SJ (1992) Constraints on phenotypic evolution. American Naturalist 140: 85–107.
Article
Google Scholar
Brakefield PM (2006) Evo-devo and constraints on selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 362–368.
Article
Google Scholar
Brooks D, Wiley E (1986) Evolution as Entropy: Toward a Unified Theory of Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Brooks DR, McLennan DA (1991) Phylogeny, Ecology and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Camazine S, Deneubourg J-L, Franks NR, Sneyd J, Theraulaz G, Bonabeau E (2001) Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Campbell JH (1987) The new gene and its evolution. In: Rates of Evolution (Campbell K, Day MF, eds), 283–309. London: Allen and Unwin.
Google Scholar
Charlesworth B, Lande R, Slatkin M (1982) A neo-Darwinian commentary on macroevolution. Evolution 36: 474–498.
Article
Google Scholar
Conrad M (1983) Adaptability: The Significance of Variability from Molecule to Ecosystem. New York: Plenum.
Book
Google Scholar
Conway Morris S (2003) Life’s Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Crutchfield JP (1994) Is anything evernew? Considering emergence. In: Complexity: Metaphors, Models, and Reality (Cowan G, Pines D, Meltzer D, eds), 515–537. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Google Scholar
Crutchfield JP, Young K (1989) Inferring statistical complexity. Physical Review Letters 63: 105–108.
Article
Google Scholar
Dawkins R (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Depew D, Weber B (1995) Darwinism Evolving: Systems Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Dewar RC (2005) Maximum entropy production and the fluctuation theorem. Journal of Physics A 38: 371–381.
Article
Google Scholar
Dyke C, Depew D (1988) Should natural selection be an explanation of last resort? Well, maybe not the last resort, but…. Rivista di Biologia 81: 115–129.
Google Scholar
Endler JA (1986) Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Fisher RA (1929/1958) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. New York: Dover Publications. Variorum edition, Oxford University Press, 2000.
Google Scholar
Frank S (1997) Developmental selection and self-organization. BioSystems 40: 237–243.
Article
Google Scholar
Fusco G (2001) How many processes are responsible for phenotypic evolution? Evolution and Development 3: 279–286.
Article
Google Scholar
Gould SJ (1982) Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? In: Evolution Now: A Century after Darwin (Maynard Smith J, ed), 119–130. San Francisco: Freeman.
Google Scholar
Gould SJ, Lewontin R (1979) The spandrels of San Marcos and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205: 147–162.
Article
Google Scholar
Haken H (1983) Advanced Synergetics. Berlin: Springer.
Google Scholar
Hinton GE, Nowlan SJ (1996) How learning can guide evolution. In: Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations (Belew RK, Mitchell M, eds), 447–454. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Google Scholar
Hodgson G (2002) Darwinism in economics: From analogy to ontology. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 12: 259–281.
Article
Google Scholar
Hoelzer GA, Smith E, Pepper JW (2006) On the logical relationship between natural selection and self-organization. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 1785–1793.
Article
Google Scholar
Jablonka E, Lamb MJ (1995) Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kauffman S (1983) Developmental constraints: Internal factors in evolution. In: Development and Evolution (Goodwin B, Holder N, Wylie C, eds), 195–225. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Kauffman S (1985) Self-organization, selective adaptation and its limits: A new pattern of inference in evolution and development. In: Evolution at a Crossroads: The New Biology and the New Philosophy of Science (Depew D, Weber B, eds), 67–77. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Kauffman S (1993) The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kauffman S (1995) At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Complexity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kauffman S (2000) Investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kimura M (1983) The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Kingsolver JG, Hoekstra HE, Hoekstra JM, Berrigan D, Vignieri SN, Hill CE, Hoang A, Gilbert P, Beerli P (2001) The strength of phenotypic evolution in natural populations. American Naturalist 157: 245–261.
Article
Google Scholar
Laughlin R (2005) A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down. New York: Basic Books.
Google Scholar
Laughlin R, Pines D (2000) The theory of everything. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97: 28–31.
Article
Google Scholar
Lemke JL (2000) Opening up closure: Semiotics across scales. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 901: 100–111.
Article
Google Scholar
Lotka A (1922) Contributions to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 8: 147–151.
Article
Google Scholar
Maynard Smith J, Burian R, Kauffman S, Alberch P, Campbell J, Goodwin B, Lande R, Raup D, Wolpert L (1985) Developmental constraints and evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 60: 265–87.
Article
Google Scholar
Maynard Smith J, Szathmáry E (1995) The Major Transitions in Evolution. San Francisco: Freeman.
Google Scholar
Mayr E (1963) Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Mittenthal JE, Baskin AB, eds (1992) The Principles of Organization in Organisms. New York: Westview Press.
Google Scholar
Mitton JB (1997) Selection in Natural Populations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Nelson R, Winter S (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
Rabinowitz N (2005) Emergence: An algorithmic formulation. Honors thesis, University of Western Australia, Perth.
Google Scholar
Reid RGB (2007) Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Reznick DN, Travis J (1996) The empirical study of adaptation. In: Adaptation (Rose M, Lauder G, eds), 243–289. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Google Scholar
Richardson MK, Chipman AD (2003) Developmental constraints in a comparative framework: A test case using variations in phalanx number during amniote evolution. Journal of Experimental Zoology 296 B: 8–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Russell B (1921) The Analysis of Mind. London: Allen and Unwin.
Google Scholar
Ryan A (2007) Emergence is coupled to scope, not level. Complexity 13: 67–77.
Article
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (1985) Evolving Hierarchical Systems: Their Structure and Representation. New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (1993) Development and Evolution: Complexity and Change in Biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (2000) Ecology and infodynamics [Review of Ulanowicz 1997]. Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems 21: 223–237.
Article
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (2002) Summary of the principles of hierarchy theory. General Systems Bulletin 31: 13–17.
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (2004) The natural philosophy of ecology: Developmental systems ecology. Ecological Complexity 2: 1–19.
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (2007) The natural philosophy of work. Entropy 9: 83–99.
Article
Google Scholar
Salthe SN (2008) Natural selection in relation to complexity. Artificial Life 14 (3): 1–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Schneirla TC (1971) Army Ants: A Study in Social Organization. San Francisco: Freeman.
Google Scholar
Shalizi C (2001) Causal architecture, complexity and self-organization in time series and cellular automata. PhD thesis, University of Michigan. http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/thesis/.
Skinner BF (1981) Selection by consequences. Science 213: 501–504.
Article
Google Scholar
Smolin L (1997) The Life of the Cosmos. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Stanley SM (1979) Macroevolution: Pattern and Process. San Francisco: Freeman.
Google Scholar
Swenson R (1989) Emergent attractors and the law of maximum entropy production: Foundations to a general theory of evolution. Systems Research 6: 187–197.
Article
Google Scholar
Swenson R (1991) End-directed physics and evolutionary ordering: Obviating the problem of the population of one. In: The Cybernetics of Complex Systems: Self-organization, Evolution, and Social Change (Geyer F, ed), 41–60. Salinas, CA: Intersystems.
Google Scholar
Swenson R (1995) Spontaneous Order, Evolution and Natural Law. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Google Scholar
Ulanowicz R (1986) Growth and Development: Ecosystems Phenomenology. New York: Springer.
Book
Google Scholar
Ulanowicz R (1997) Ecology: The Ascendent Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
Ulanowicz R (2002) The balance between adaptability and adaptation. BioSystems 64: 13–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Wagner PJ, Kosnik MA, Lidgard S (2006) Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity in post-Paleozooic marine ecosystems. Science 314: 1289–1292.
Article
Google Scholar
Weber B, Deacon T (2000) Thermodynamic cycles, developmental systems and emergence. Cybernetics and Human Knowing 7: 1–23.
Google Scholar
Weber B, Depew D (1996) Natural selection and self-organization: Dynamical models as clues to a new evolutionary synthesis. Biology and Philosophy 11: 33–65.
Article
Google Scholar
Wicken JS (1987) Evolution, Thermodynamics and Information: Extending the Darwinian Program. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Willey A (1911) Convergence in Evolution. New York: Dutton.
Book
Google Scholar
Wills C (1989) The Wisdom of the Genes: New Pathways in Evolution. New York: Basic Books.
Google Scholar
Wilson DS (2005) Natural selection and complex systems: A complex interaction. In: Self-organization and Evolution in Biological and Social Systems (Hemelrijk C, ed), 151–165. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Wimsatt W, Schank J (2004) Generative entrenchment, modularity, and evolvability: When selection meets the whole organism. In: Modularity in Development and Evolution (Schlosser G, Wagner G, eds), 359–394. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Wimsatt WC (1986) Developmental constraints, generative entrenchment, and the innate-acquired distinction. In: Integrating Scientific Disciplines (Bechtel W, ed), 185–208. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Winfree AT (1980) The Geometry of Biological Time. New York: Springer.
Book
Google Scholar