Abstract
Transient circular pores can open in plasma membrane of cells due to mechanical stress, and failure to repair such pores lead to cell death. Similar pores in the form of defects also exist among smectic membranes, such as in myelin sheaths or mitochondrial membranes. The formation and growth of membrane defects are associated with diseases, for example multiple sclerosis. A deeper understanding of membrane pore dynamics can provide a more refined picture of membrane integrity-related disease development, and possibly also treatment options and strategies. Pore dynamics is also of great importance regarding healthcare applications such as drug delivery, gene or as recently been implied, cancer therapy. The dynamics of pores significantly differ in stacks which are confined in 2D compared to those in cells or vesicles. In this short review, we will summarize the dynamics of different types of pores that can be observed in biological membranes, which include circular transient, fusion and hemi-fusion pores. We will dedicate a section to floral and fractal pores which were discovered a few years ago and have highly peculiar characteristics. Finally, we will discuss the repair mechanisms of large area pores in conjunction with the current cell membrane repair hypotheses.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.L. Buraud, O. Noël, D. Ausserré, Langmuir 29, 8944 (2013)
M. Bally, et al., Ang. Chem. – Int. Ed. 51, 12020 (2012)
M.M. Lozano, et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 135, 5620 (2013)
B. Ugarte-Uribe, Biochim. Biophys. Acta – General Subj. 1830, 4872 (2013)
A. Makky, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta – Biomembr. 1808, 656 (2011)
I. Czolkos, A. Jesorka, O. Orwar, Soft Matter 7, 4562 (2011)
I. Gözen, A. Jesorka, Anal. Chem. 84, 822 (2012)
P.L. McNeil, R.A. Steinhardt, J. Cell Biol. 137, 1 (1997)
P.L. McNeil, T. Kirchhausen, Nat. Rev. Molec. Cell Biol. 6, 499 (2005)
I. Gozen, et al., Soft Matter 8, 6220 (2012)
J. Rosenbluth, et al., GLIA. 54, 172 (2006)
K.N. Papanicolaou, M.M. Phillippo, K. Walsh, Amer. J. Physiol. – Heart Circ. Physiol. 303, 243 (2012)
I.W. Mattaj, Nat. Rev. Molec. Cell Biol. 5, 65 (2004)
Y. Tamura, K. Itoh, H. Sesaki, Cell. 145, 1158 (2011)
M.P. Maddugoda, et al., Cell Host Microb. 10, 464 (2011)
I. Gözen, et al., Nat. Mater. 9, 908 (2010)
A. Schroeder, J. Kost, Y. Barenholz, Chem. Phys. Lipids 162, 1 (2009)
J.M. Escoffre, et al., Molec. Biotechnol. 41, 286 (2009)
D. Wijesinghe, et al., Scientific Reports, 3 (2013)
C.L. Woldringh, BBA Sect. Nucl. Acids Protein Synth. 224, 288 (1970)
M. Bischofberger, M.R. Gonzalez, F.G. van der Goot, Curr. Opinion Cell Biol. 21, 589 (2009)
A. Chanturiya, et al., Biophys. J. 84, 1750 (2003)
C.G. Cranfield, et al., Biophys. J. 106, 182 (2014)
A.G. Pakhomov, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 385, 181 (2009)
R. Reigada, Biochim. Biophys. Acta – Biomembr. 1838, 814 (2014)
Y. Levin, M.A. Idiart, Phys. a-Stat. Mech. Appl. 331, 571 (2004)
O. Sandre, L. Moreaux, F. Brochard-Wyart, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. United States of America 96, 10591 (1999)
E. Karatekin, et al., Biophys. J. 84, 1734 (2003)
E. Karatekin, O. Sandre, F. Brochard-Wyart, Polymer Int. 52, 486 (2003)
R.J. Ryham, F.S. Cohen, R. Eisenberg, Comm. Math. Sci. 10, 1273 (2012)
F. Brochard-Wyart, P.G. De Gennes, O. Sandre, Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl. 278, 32 (2000)
V. Levadny, et al., Langmuir 29, 3848 (2013)
R.M. Hochmuth, J. Biomech. 33, 15 (2000)
Y. Sakuma, T. Taniguchi, M. Imai, Biophys. J. 99, 472 (2010)
L.G. Wu, et al., Ann. Rev. Physiol. 76, 301 (2014)
E. Karatekin, J.E. Rothman, Nat. Protocols 7, 903 (2012)
L.J. Mellander, et al., Scientific Reports, 4 (2014)
Y. Kozlovsky, L.V. Chernomordik, M.M. Kozlov, Biophys. J. 83, 2634 (2002)
J. Leng, F. Nallet, D. Roux, Eur. Phys. J. E. 4, 77 (2001)
C. Billerit, et al., Soft Matter 7, 9751 (2011)
L. Soubiran, et al., Europhys. Lett. 31, 243 (1995)
J.C. Shillcock, R. Lipowsky, Nat. Mater. 4, 225 (2005)
W.F.D. Bennett, N. Sapay, D.P. Tieleman, Biophys. J. 106, 210 (2014)
M. Schick, K. Katsov, M. Muller, Mol. Phys. 103, 3055 (2005)
X. Banquy, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta – Biomembr. 1818, 402 (2012)
O. Regev, R. Backov, C. Faure, Chem. Mater. 16, 5280 (2004)
E. Evans, E. Sackmann, J. Fluid Mech. 194, 553 (1988)
L. Durlofsky, J.F. Brady, Phys. Fluids 30, 3329 (1987)
J. Nissen, et al., Eur. Phys. J. B. 10, 335 (1999)
E.A. Evans, R.M. Hochmuth, Biophys. J. 16, 1 (1976)
T. Lobovkina, et al., Soft Matter 6, 268 (2010)
Y.A. Chizmadzhev, et al., Biophys. J. 78, 2241 (2000)
G.H. Zan, et al., Soft Matter 8, 10877 (2012)
A. Kunze, S. Svedhem, B. Kasemo, Langmuir 25, 5146 (2009)
F.S. Cohen, G.B. Melikyan, J. Membr. Biol. 199, 1 (2004)
M. Nishizawa, K. Nishizawa, Biophys. J. 104, 1038 (2013)
I. Gözen, et al., Lab. Chip. 13, 3822 (2013)
I. Gözen, et al., Soft Matter 9, 2787 (2013)
R.A. Oeckler, et al., Amer. J. Physiol. – Lung Cellu. Molec. Physiol. 299, L826 (2010)
K. Akashi, et al., Biophys. J. 74, 2973 (1998)
G.M. Homsy, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 19, 271 (1987)
B. Sandnes, et al., Nat. Comm., 2 (2011)
P.G. Saffman, G. Taylor, Proc. Royal Soc. London Ser. a-Math. Phys. Sci. 245, 312 (1958)
P. McAkin, et al., Marine Petrol. Geol. 17, 777 (2000)
P. Fast, M.J. Shelley, J. Comput. Phys. 195, 117 (2004)
G. Lovoll, et al., Phys. Rev. E, 70 (2004)
R. Toussaint, et al., Europhys. Lett. 71, 583 (2005)
K.J. Maloy, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2161 (1992)
Y. Roiter, et al., Nano Lett. 8, 941 (2008)
E. Sharon, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 91 (2003)
B. Davidovitch, A. Levermann, I. Procaccia, Phys. Rev. E 62, R5919 (2000)
C.G. Zervas, S.L. Gregory, N.H. Brown, J. Cell Biol. 152, 1007 (2001)
Y. Kaneko, et al., J. Morphol. 273, 639 (2012)
A.S. Sechi, J. Wehland, J. Cell Sci. 113, 3685 (2000)
C.M. Goodloe-Holland, E.J. Luna, J. Cell Biol. 99, 71 (1984)
B.B. Machta, et al., Biophys. J. 100, 1668 (2011)
F. Brochard-Wyart, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. United States of America 103, 7660 (2006)
P.A. Pullarkat, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 048104 (2006)
S.A. Shkulipa, W.K. Den Otter, W.J. Briels, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96 (2006)
I. Czolkos, et al., Nano Lett. 7, 1980 (2007)
W.K. Den Otter, S.A. Shkulipa, Biophys. J. 93, 423 (2007)
R. Jahn, R.H. Scheller, Nat. Rev. Molec. Cell Biol. 7, 631 (2006)
A. Engel, P. Walter, J. Cell Biol. 183, 181 (2008)
A.M.S. Cardoso, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta – Biomembr. 1818, 877 (2012)
P. Martínez, A. Morros, Front. Biosci. J. Virtual Libr. 1, d103 (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gozen, I., Dommersnes, P. Pore dynamics in lipid membranes. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 223, 1813–1829 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2014-02228-5
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2014-02228-5