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“Struggle” between three switching mechanisms as the underpinning of sleep stages and the pattern of transition between them

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Abstract

Complex systems are occasionally switching between several qualitatively different modes of behavior, even in the absence of external influences. An example of such mode-switching behavior of a complex system is a sequence of changes in sleep stages observed on approximately 90-min interval of sleep cycle. We examined whether relatively stable stages and relatively rapid transitions between them can be linked to the observed markers of underlying processes of sleep–wake regulation. Using data on two napping attempts of each of 28 university students, we described how scores on principal components of the EEG spectrum and rates of transitions between stages can serve as objective markers of interaction between three underlying on–off switching mechanisms that, in turn, can reflect strengths of the mutually inhibiting drives for sleep, wake, and REM sleep. A sequence of transitions between five stages over sleep cycle can be viewed as representing a sequence of episodes of the “struggle” between these three permanently competing mechanisms. Each of typical stage transitions in sleep cycle can be interpreted as a relatively rapid change in state of one or two of these three on–off switchers. It seems that only one of them is capable to maintain the switch on state during a stage with the exception of transient stage 1 sleep during which all switches remain in switch off state. An aim of future research of stages and their transitions during normal and disturbed sleep can be aimed on identification of a switching mechanism involved into a certain disturbance of sleep.

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Data availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The North-Caucasus Federal University provided technical and other similar support to AAP.

Funding

VBD was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant # 22-28-01769).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Normal Physiology, Medical Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

    Elena B. Yakunina, Dmitry S. Sveshnikov, Zarina V. Bakaeva, Olga V. Mankaeva & Vladimir I. Torshin

  2. Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Vladimir B. Dorokhov, Alexandra N. Puchkova, Dmitry E. Shumov, Eugenia O. Gandina, Anton O. Taranov, Olga N. Tkachenko, Natalya V. Ligun, Gleb N. Arseniev & Arcady A. Putilov

  3. Research Group for Math-Modeling of Biomedical Systems, Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics of the Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Arcady A. Putilov

  4. Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Biophysics, North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia

    Arcady A. Putilov

  5. 11, Nipkowstr, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Arcady A. Putilov

Authors
  1. Elena B. Yakunina
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  2. Vladimir B. Dorokhov
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  3. Dmitry S. Sveshnikov
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  4. Alexandra N. Puchkova
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  5. Dmitry E. Shumov
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  6. Eugenia O. Gandina
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  7. Anton O. Taranov
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  8. Olga N. Tkachenko
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  9. Natalya V. Ligun
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  10. Gleb N. Arseniev
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  11. Zarina V. Bakaeva
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  12. Olga V. Mankaeva
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  13. Vladimir I. Torshin
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  14. Arcady A. Putilov
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Contributions

Conceptualization AAP; funding acquisition AAP, DSS, EBY, and VBD; data curation EBY, VBD, DSS, ANP, DES, EOG, AOT, ONT, NVL, GNA, ZVB, OVM, VIT, and AAP, resources AAP, DSS, and VBD; project administration AAP, DSS, and VBD; supervision AAP and VBD; software DES, DSS, ANP, and AAP; investigation DSS, VBD, ANP, and AAP; methodology AAP, DES, VBD, and ANP; sleep scoring: ANP and EOG; spectra calculation: DES; validation AAP; visualization AAP and DES; writing—review and editing AAP, EBY, VBD, DSS, ANP, DES, EOG, AOT, ONT, NVL, GNA, ZVB,OVM, and VIT.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arcady A. Putilov.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests. The funders had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, the writing of the manuscript, and the decision to publish the results.

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Yakunina, E.B., Dorokhov, V.B., Sveshnikov, D.S. et al. “Struggle” between three switching mechanisms as the underpinning of sleep stages and the pattern of transition between them. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 232, 557–568 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00732-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00732-1

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