Abstract
The dominating features of hybrid nanofluid such as high heat transfer rates, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and low cost, have been successfully attracted the attention of global researchers. In light of these amazing features, the current mathematical research explores the effects of variable viscosity on radiative magneto-hybrid nanofluid (Cu–Fe\(_{3}\)O\(_{4}\)/water) flow over a vertical cone inside porous medium. In addition, variable heat flux relation with boundary layer flow in the presence of heat generation/absorption is scrutinized. The Crank–Nicolson scheme together with Thomas algorithm is implemented to obtain the numerical solutions of constructed mathematical model with the aid of MATLAB software. The impact of various controlling parameters on virtual flow properties, temperature and velocity is scrutinized, and the obtained outcomes are exhibited graphically. The physically important quantities such as heat transfer coefficient and wall shear stress are evaluated versus governing constraints, and the results are summarized in the tables and illustrated graphically as well. The results unveil that the thermal performance of the system increases in the presence of nanoparticles, magnetic field and thermal radiation. Moreover, velocity of the fluid increases due to high permeability effects. The results of this work may have useful applications in materials science and engineering.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.U. Choi, J.A. Eastman, Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. Technical Report (Argonne National Lab, IL, USA, 1995)
K. Khanafer, K. Vafai, A review on the applications of nanofluids in solar energy field. Renew. Energy 123, 398–406 (2018)
M. Suleman, S. Riaz, In silico study of hyperthermia treatment of liver cancer using core–shell CoFe\(_2\)O\(_4\)@ MnFe\(_2\)O\(_4 \) magnetic nanoparticles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 498, 166143 (2020)
P. Nithya, M. Sundrarajan, Ionic liquid functionalized biogenic synthesis of agau bimetal doped CeO\(_2 \) nanoparticles from justicia adhatoda for pharmaceutical applications: antibacterial and anti-cancer activities. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 202, 111706 (2020)
M. Hojjat, Nanofluids as coolant in a shell and tube heat exchanger: ANN modeling and multi-objective optimization. Appl. Math. Comput. 365, 124710 (2020)
Z. Chen, D. Zheng, J. Wang, L. Chen, B. Sundén, Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of various nanofluids in an indoor electric heater. Renew. Energy 147, 1011–1018 (2020)
D. Lisjak, A. Mertelj, Anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles: a review of their properties, syntheses and potential applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 95, 286–328 (2018)
L. Mohammed, H.G. Gomaa, D. Ragab, J. Zhu, Magnetic nanoparticles for environmental and biomedical applications: a review. Particuology 30, 1–14 (2017)
M. Goharkhah, S. Gharehkhani, S. Fallah, M. Ashjaee, Dynamic measurement of ferrofluid thermal conductivity under an external magnetic field. Heat Mass Transf. 55, 1583–1592 (2019)
E. Shojaeizadeh, F. Veysi, K. Goudarzi, Heat transfer and thermal efficiency of a lab-fabricated ferrofluid-based single-ended tube solar collector under the effect of magnetic field: an experimental study. Appl. Therm. Eng. 164, 114510 (2020)
M. Bezaatpour, M. Goharkhah, Convective heat transfer enhancement in a double pipe mini heat exchanger by magnetic field induced swirling flow. Appl. Therm. Eng. 167, 114801 (2020)
A.M. Aly, S.E. Ahmed, ISPH simulations for a variable magneto-convective flow of a ferrofluid in a closed space includes open circular pipes. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 110, 104412 (2020)
M. Valitabar, M. Rahimi, N. Azimi, Experimental investigation on forced convection heat transfer of ferrofluid between two-parallel plates. Heat Mass Transf. 56, 53–64 (2020)
M. Bezaatpour, H. Rostamzadeh, Heat transfer enhancement of a fin-and-tube compact heat exchanger by employing magnetite ferrofluid flow and an external magnetic field. Appl. Therm. Eng. 164, 114462 (2020)
M.H. Esfe, M.R.S. Emami, M.K. Amiri, Experimental investigation of effective parameters on MWCNT-TiO\(_2\)/SAE50 hybrid nanofluid viscosity. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 137, 743–757 (2019)
M.H. Esfe, P.M. Behbahani, A.A.A. Arani, M.R. Sarlak, Thermal conductivity enhancement of SiO\(_2\)-MWCNT (85: 15%)-EG hybrid nanofluids. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 128, 249–258 (2017)
M.H. Esfe, S. Esfandeh, M.K. Amiri, M. Afrand, A novel applicable experimental study on the thermal behavior of SWCNTs (60%)–MgO (40%)/EG hybrid nanofluid by focusing on the thermal conductivity. Powder Technol. 342, 998–1007 (2019)
V. Kumar, J. Sarkar, Particle ratio optimization of Al\(_2\)O\(_3\)-MWCNT hybrid nanofluid in minichannel heat sink for best hydrothermal performance. Appl. Therm. Eng. 165, 114546 (2020)
M. Zufar, P. Gunnasegaran, H. Kumar, K. Ng, Numerical and experimental investigations of hybrid nanofluids on pulsating heat pipe performance. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 146, 118887 (2020)
R. Mohebbi, M. Izadi, A.A. Delouei, H. Sajjadi, Effect of MWCNT-Fe\(_3\)O\(_4 \)/water hybrid nanofluid on the thermal performance of ribbed channel with apart sections of heating and cooling. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 135, 3029–3042 (2019)
M. Izadi, R. Mohebbi, A.A. Delouei, H. Sajjadi, Natural convection of a magnetizable hybrid nanofluid inside a porous enclosure subjected to two variable magnetic fields. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 151, 154–169 (2019)
I. Shahzadi, S. Bilal, A significant role of permeability on blood flow for hybrid nanofluid through bifurcated stenosed artery: drug delivery application. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 187, 105248 (2020)
M. Bahiraei, N. Mazaheri, A. Rizehvandi, Application of a hybrid nanofluid containing graphene nanoplatelet-platinum composite powder in a triple-tube heat exchanger equipped with inserted ribs. Appl. Therm. Eng. 149, 588–601 (2019)
R. Mohebbi, S. Mehryan, M. Izadi, O. Mahian, Natural convection of hybrid nanofluids inside a partitioned porous cavity for application in solar power plants. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 137, 1719–1733 (2019)
A. Bhattad, J. Sarkar, P. Ghosh, Energetic and exergetic performances of plate heat exchanger using brine-based hybrid nanofluid for milk chilling application. Heat Transf. Eng. 41(6–7), 522–535 (2020)
H.W. Xian, N.A.C. Sidik, S.R. Aid, T.L. Ken, Y. Asako, Review on preparation techniques, properties and performance of hybrid nanofluid in recent engineering applications. J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci. 45, 1–13 (2018)
W. Khan, O. Makinde, Z. Khan, Non-aligned mhd stagnation point flow of variable viscosity nanofluids past a stretching sheet with radiative heat. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 96, 525–534 (2016)
B. Bin-Mohsin, Buoyancy effects on MHD transport of nanofluid over a stretching surface with variable viscosity. IEEE Access 7, 75398–75406 (2019)
T. Abbas, S. Rehman, R.A. Shah, M. Idrees, M. Qayyum, Analysis of MHD Carreau fluid flow over a stretching permeable sheet with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl. 551, 124225 (2020)
M.E. Karim, M.A. Samad, M. Ferdows, Numerical study of the effect of variable viscosity on unsteady pulsatile nanofluid flow through a Couette channel of stretching wall with convective heat transfer, in: AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2121, AIP Publishing LLC, p. 070005
J. Gbadeyan, E. Titiloye, A. Adeosun, Effect of variable thermal conductivity and viscosity on Casson nanofluid flow with convective heating and velocity slip. Heliyon 6, e03076 (2020)
T. Salahuddin, S. Muhammad, S. Sakinder, Impact of generalized heat and mass flux models on Darcy–Forchheimer Williamson nanofluid flow with variable viscosity. Phys. Scr. 94, 125201 (2019)
A. Hussain, S. Afzal, R. Rizwana, M.Y. Malik, MHD stagnation point flow of a Casson fluid with variable viscosity flowing past an extending/shrinking sheet with slip effects. Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl. 553, 124080 (2020)
S. Nadeem, Z. Ahmed, S. Saleem, Carbon nanotubes effects in magneto nanofluid flow over a curved stretching surface with variable viscosity. Microsyst. Technol. 25, 2881–2888 (2019)
M. Khan, T. Salahuddin, M. Malik, F.O. Mallawi, Change in viscosity of Williamson nanofluid flow due to thermal and solutal stratification. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 126, 941–948 (2018)
K. Vafai, Preface: porous media and its applications in science, engineering, and industry, in: AIP Conference Proceedings 4, vol. 1453, American Institute of Physics, pp. 1–7
A. Kasaeian, R. Daneshazarian, O. Mahian, L. Kolsi, A.J. Chamkha, S. Wongwises, I. Pop, Nanofluid flow and heat transfer in porous media: a review of the latest developments. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 107, 778–791 (2017)
M. Ramzan, M. Mohammad, F. Howari, Magnetized suspended carbon nanotubes based nanofluid flow with bio-convection and entropy generation past a vertical cone. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–15 (2019)
I. Tlili, M. Ramzan, S. Kadry, H.-W. Kim, Y. Nam, Radiative mhd nanofluid flow over a moving thin needle with entropy generation in a porous medium with dust particles and hall current. Entropy 22, 354 (2020)
H. Hanif, I. Khan, S. Shafie, W.A. Khan, Heat transfer in cadmium telluride–water nanofluid over a vertical cone under the effects of magnetic field inside porous medium. Processes 8, 7 (2020)
A. Jarray, Z. Mehrez, A. El Cafsi, Mixed convection ag-mgo/water hybrid nanofluid flow in a porous horizontal channel. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 228, 2677–2693 (2019)
H. Hanif, I. Khan, S. Shafie, MHD natural convection in cadmium telluride nanofluid over a vertical cone embedded in a porous medium. Phys. Scr. 94, 125208 (2019)
H.J. Xu, Z.B. Xing, F. Wang, Z. Cheng, Review on heat conduction, heat convection, thermal radiation and phase change heat transfer of nanofluids in porous media: fundamentals and applications. Chem. Eng. Sci. 195, 462–483 (2019)
S. Sureshkumar, S. Muthukumar, M. Muthtamilselvan, D.-H. Doh, G.-R. Cho, E. Prem, Mhd convection of nanofluid in porous medium influenced by slanted Lorentz force. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 229, 331–346 (2020)
Z. Li, M. Sheikholeslami, A.S. Mittal, A. Shafee, R.-U. Haq, Nanofluid heat transfer in a porous duct in the presence of Lorentz forces using the lattice Boltzmann method. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 134, 1–10 (2019)
H. Hanif, I. Khan, S. Shafie, Heat transfer exaggeration and entropy analysis in magneto-hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical cone: a numerical study. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 141, 2001–2017 (2020)
R. Mahmood, S. Bilal, I. Khan, N. Kousar, A.H. Seikh, E.-S.M. Sherif, A comprehensive finite element examination of Carreau Yasuda fluid model in a lid driven cavity and channel with obstacle by way of kinetic energy and drag and lift coefficient measurements. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9(2), 1785–1800 (2020)
R. Mahmood, S. Bilal, A.H. Majeed, I. Khan, E.-S.M. Sherif, A comparative analysis of flow features of Newtonian and power law material: a new configuration. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9(2), 1978–1987 (2020)
R. Kannan, B. Pullepu, S.A. Shehzad, Numerical solutions of dissipative natural convective flow from a vertical cone with heat absorption, generation, mhd and radiated surface heat flux. Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math. 5, 24 (2019)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia and Research Management Centre-UTM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for financial support through vote numbers 5F004, 07G70, 07G72, 07G76, 07G77, 08G33 and 5F278. The first author also wants to acknowledge the financial support of SBK Women’s University, Quetta, Pakistan through SBKWU FDP Split Scholarship Phase-3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hanif, H., Khan, I. & Shafie, S. A novel study on time-dependent viscosity model of magneto-hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable cone: applications in material engineering. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 135, 730 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00724-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00724-x