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A brief history of Florentine physics from the 1920s to the end of the 1960s

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Abstract

The history of the Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is traced from the beginning of the twentieth century, with the arrival of Antonio Garbasso as Director (1913), to the 1960s. Thanks to Garbasso’s expertise, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, where the Astronomical Observatory was already located, but it also formed a brilliant group of young physicists made up of Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti, Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah, who were engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and cosmic rays. This Arcetri School disintegrated in the late 1930s for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other universities, for the environment created by the fascist regime and, to some extent, for the racial laws. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as Theoretical Physics was concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods these studies enjoyed a new expansion towards the end of the 1950s, with the arrival of Giacomo Morpurgo and above all, that of Raoul Gatto, who created the first real Italian school of Theoretical Physics at Arcetri.

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Notes

  1. A book containing these lessons was recently published by Firenze University Press [40].

  2. For a reconstruction of the institution of the first chairs of Theoretical Physics in Italy, see [82].

  3. For Bruno Rossi’s contribution to the physics of cosmic rays, see [28, 95].

  4. Letter of the Rector A. Serpieri to S. Franchetti, 24/1/1939 (Fondo Della Corte, Science Library, Scientific and Technological Hub, University of Florence).

  5. see Introduction by Guarnieri in [79] and pertinent quotes.

  6. Resolution of the Faculty of Science, ASUF, Personnel Section, personal files of lecturers, Ranzi Ivo, file 3043 series A.

  7. The man, together with Piccagli, behind Radio CORA.

  8. For an overview of this group of experiments see [68].

  9. Despite the brief period that Morpurgo spent in Florence, Claudio Chiuderi [45], Emilio Borchi, Giovanni Martucci and Mario Poli graduated with him. Emilio Borchi, together with Silvio De Gennaro, formed the first nucleus of the structure of matter theoretical group at the end of the 1960s. Claudio Chiuderi, on the other hand, focused on plasma physics some years later.

  10. On Raoul Gatto see [18, 38].

  11. Gatto on theoretical physicists of the Florentine period, private communication to Casalbuoni.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Luisa Bonolis, Pier Andrea Mandò and Paolo Rossi for their useful and stimulating suggestions and for their help in reconstructing certain historical and scientific events.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy

    Roberto Casalbuoni & Daniele Dominici

  2. INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy

    Roberto Casalbuoni & Daniele Dominici

  3. Fondazione Osservatorio Ximeniano, Via Borgo San Lorenzo 26, 50123, Florence, Italy

    Massimo Mazzoni

Authors
  1. Roberto Casalbuoni
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  2. Daniele Dominici
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  3. Massimo Mazzoni
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniele Dominici.

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Casalbuoni, R., Dominici, D. & Mazzoni, M. A brief history of Florentine physics from the 1920s to the end of the 1960s. EPJ H 47, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00048-7

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