Abstract
A review of effects due to the confinement and compression of atoms is presented. It is argued that they provide new insights into the properties of atoms and, in particular, into their interactions with the microscopic environment. Studies of confined atoms allow one to understand better the changes of behaviour which occur under pressure. Some applications to practical situations are also suggested.
Graphical abstract
![](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2020-10414-y/MediaObjects/10053_2020_10441_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
A. Sommerfeld, H. Welker, Ann. Phys. 32, 56 (1938)
C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, F. Laloë, in Quantum Mechanics (Hermann, Paris, 1977, Vol. 1, pp. 624–626.
P.A.M. Dirac, in The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981), p. 314
Bl. Pascal, in Les Pensées, Chez Lefebvre, Libraire rue de l’Epernon No6, Paris Published in 1826 pages 74 to 78 (1660)
M. Zemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics (McGraw Hill Book Co, New York, 1943)
W. Pauli, Zeitschrift für Physik. 31, 765 (1925)
A. Einstein, Zeit für Phys. Z. 18, 121 (1917)
E.A. Milne, MNRAS 84, 111 (1924)
L.H. Thomas, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc 23, 542 (1927)
E. Fermi, Zeitschrift für Physik 48, 73 (1928)
P.A.M. Dirac, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc 26, 376 (1930)
E.H. Lieb, B. Simon, Adv. Math. 23, 22 (1930)
N.H. March, Origins – The Thomas-Fermi Theory, in Theory of The Inhomogeneous Electron Gas, edited by S. Lundqvist, N.H. March (Plenum Press, London, 1983)
J.-P. Connerade, V.K. Dolmatov, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 31, 3557 (1998)
B.H. Bransden, C.J. Joachain, in Physics of Atoms and Molecules (Longman London, New York, 1983), p. 313
S.R. De Groot, C.A. Ten Seldam, Physica 12, 669 (1946)
N. Aquino, Adv. Quantum Chem. 57, 123 (2009)
A. Michels, J. de Boer, A. Bijl, Physica 4, 981 (1938)
W. Jaskólski, Phys. Rep. 27, 1 (1996)
J.L. Smith, E.A. Kmetko, J. Less Common Metals 90, 83 (1983)
A.R. Mackintosh, Physica B+C 130, 112 (1985)
E. Fermi, Quantentheorie und Chemie, edited by H. Falkenhagen (Leipziger vorträge Published by S. Hirzel-Verlag, Leipzig, 1928)
N. Bohr, in in The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 1922), p. 126.
G. Herzberg, Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure (Dover Publications Inc, 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola New York 11501, 1944)
M. Goeppert-Mayer, Phys. Rev. 60, 184 (1941)
D.C. Griffin, K.L. Andrew, R.D. Cowan, Phys. Rev. 177, 62 (1969)
J.-P. Connerade, Highly Excited Atoms, in Cambridge Monographs on Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 1998), Chapt. 5
J.-P. Connerade, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 24, L109 (1991)
J.-P. Connerade, V.K. Dolmatov, P.A. Lakshmi, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, 251 (2000)
J.-P. Connerade, J.-M. Esteva, R.C. Karnatak, Giant Resonances in Atoms Molecules and Solids, in Les Houches NATO ASI Series B Physics (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1987), Vol 151
N. Levinson, Danske Vidensk Selsk K Mat Fys Medd 25, (1949).
J. Kellendonk, S. Richard, The topological meaning of Levinson’s theorem (2007)
J.-P. Connerade, R. Semaoune, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, 869 (2000)
V. Alonso, S. De Vincenzo, L. Mondino, Eur. J. Phys. 18, 315 (1997)
L.E. Klintberg, S.K. Goh, S. Kasahara, Y. Nakai, K. Ishida, M. Sutherland, T. Shibauchi, Y. Matsuda, T. Terashima, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79, 123706 (2010)
H. Hellmann, in Einführung in die Quantenchemie (Franz Deuticke, Leipzig, 1937), p. 285
R.P. Feynman, Phys. Rev. 56, 340 (1939)
W. Nieman, W. Malzfeld, P. Rabe, R. Haensel, M. Lübcke, Phys. Rev. B35, 1099 (1987)
J.-P. Connerade, J. Phys. C. Solid State 15, L367 (1982)
J.M. Lawrence, P.S. Riseborough, R.D. Parks, Rep. Prog. Phys. 44, 1 (1981)
R. Ramirez, L.M. Falcov, J.C. Kimball, Phys. Rev. B2, 3383 (1970)
F.D.M. Haldane, Phys. Rev. B 15, 281 (1977)
F.D.M. Haldane, Phys. Rev. B 15, 2477 (1977)
D.J. Khomskii, A.N. Kocharjan, Solid State Commun. 18, 985 (1976)
J.-P. Connerade, P. Kengkan, P. Anantha Lakshmi, R. Semaoune, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, L847 (2000)
K.G. Dyall, I.P. Grant, C.T. Johnson, F.A. Parpia, E.P. Plummer, Comput. Phys. Commun. 55, 425 (1989)
J.-P. Connerade, R. Semaoune, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, 3467 (2000)
J.-P. Connerade, P. Kengkan, Atomic Confinement, Electron Scattering, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, edited by C.T. Whelan, N.J. Mason (Springer, Boston MA, 2005)
J.-P. Connerade, J. Less Common Metals 93, 171 (1983)
M. Schlüter, C.M. Varma, Helv. Physica Acta 56, 147 (1983)
C. Bansal, V. Srinivasan, Solid State Commun. 51, 781 (1984)
R. Ruus, in Dissertationes Physicae Universitatis Tartuensis (1999), Vol. 31
J.C.A. Boeyens, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 90, 3377 (1994)
J. Olivier-Fourcade, J.C. Jumas, J.-P. Connerade, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6801 (1999)
J.P. Connerade, V.K. Dolmatov, S.T. Manson, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, 2279 (2000)
J.-P. Connerade, V.K. Dolmatov, P.A. Lakshmi, S.T. Manson, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 32, L239 (1999)
J. von Neumann, E.P. Wigner, Physikalische Zeitschrift 30, 465 (1929)
D. Kilcoyne, A. Aguilar, A. Müller, A.S. Schippers, C. Cisneros, G. Alna’washi, N. Aryal, K. Baral, D. Esteves, C. Thomas, R. Phaneuf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 213001 (2010)
L.G. Gerchikov, V.F. Masterov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 532 (1998)
R.E. Watson, Phys. Rev. 111, 1108 (1958)
M. Velegrakis, C. Lüder, Chem. Phys. Lett. 223, 139 (1994)
R.M. More, Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phy. 21, 305 (1985)
L. Moro, R.S. Rouff, C.H. Becker, V.C. Lorentz, R. Malhotra, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6801 (1993)
D.W. Essex, N. Pyper, C.T. Whelan, Calculations of the He Is2Is2p energy shift observed in STEM experiments on helium bubbles in irradiated materials, in Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1999 (Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group Conference, University of Sheffield, 1999), p. 187
A. Kozawa, in Applications of Solid Electrolytes, edited by T. Takahashi, A. Kozawa (JEC Press Inc., Cleveland Ohio, 1980), p. 23
J.-P. Connerade, J. Alloys Compd. 255, 79 (1997)
C. Kittel, in Elementary statistical physics (John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 1958), p. 171
R.P. Feynman, N. Metropolis, E. Teller, Phys. Rev. 75, 1561 (1949)
M. Rahm, R. Cammi, N.W. Ashcroft, R. Hoffmann, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 10253 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Contribution to the Topical Issue “Atoms and Molecules in a Confined Environment” edited by C.N. Ramachandran, Vincenzo Aquilanti, Henry Ed Montgomery, Narayanasami Sathyamurthy.
Publisher's Note
The EPJ Publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Connerade, JP. Confining and compressing the atom. Eur. Phys. J. D 74, 211 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2020-10414-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2020-10414-y