Abstract.
Superheavy elements have been synthesized and chemically characterized one-atom-at-a-time up to element 108. Presently, the quest for identification and investigation of element 112 is one of the hottest topics in this field. The transactinide elements 104 to 108 are members of group 4 to 8 of the periodic table and element 112 belongs into group 12. For some of these elements detailed chemical properties have been revealed which show stunning deviations from simple extrapolations within their respective group while others exhibit great similarities with their lighter homologues. All presently known chemical properties of seaborgium (Sg, element 106) — the heaviest element whose behavior was investigated in aqueous solution — and hassium (Hs, element 108) were obtained in experiments performed at the GSI in large international collaborations. Recently, the highly efficient and very clean separation of Hs was applied for nuclear studies of various Hs nuclides investigating their cross section and their nuclear decay properties in the region of the N=162 neutron shell. To overcome certain limitations of the presently used on-line chemical separations the new TransActinide Separator and Chemistry Apparatus (TASCA) — with a gas-filled recoil separator as a front-end tool — was designed and built at the GSI in a collaborative effort. Presently in its commissioning phase, TASCA shall be a key instrument for a big leap into quantitatively and qualitatively new experiments in the region of superheavy elements.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Schädel, Angew. Chem. 118, 378 (2006), M. Schädel, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 368 (2006)
The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements, edited by M. Schädel (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2003)
J.V. Kratz, Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 103 (2003)
D.C. Hoffman, D.M. Lee, V. Pershina, Transactinide Elements and Future Elements, in: The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd edn., edited by L.R. Morrs, N.M. Edelstein, J. Fuger (Springer, Dordrecht, 2006), Vol. 3, pp. 1652–1752
Y. Nagame et al., Radiochim. Acta 93, 519 (2005)
H. Haba et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 5219 (2004)
M. Schädel et al., Nature 388, 55 (1997)
M. Schädel et al., Radiochim. Acta 83, 163 (1998)
Ch.E. Düllmann et al., Nature 418, 859 (2002)
A. von Zweidorf et al., Radiochim. Acta 92, 855 (2004)
A.B. Yakushev et al., Radiochim. Acta 91, 433 (2003)
R. Eichler et al., Radiochim. Acta 94, 181 (2006)
H.W. Gäggeler, R. Eichler, private communication, 2006; PSI press release (in German), 31 May 2006, http://www.psi.ch/medien/medien-news.shtml
J.P. Omtvedt et al., J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3, 121 (2002)
Ch.E. Düllmann et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 551, 528 (2005)
M. Schädel, D. Ackermann, A. Semchenkov, A. Türler, GSI Scientific Report 2005, GSI Report 2006-1, p. 262, and http://www.gsi.de/tasca
Yu.Ts. Oganessian et al., Phys. Rev. C 70, 064609-1 (2004)
Yu.Ts. Oganessian et al., Phys. Rev. C 74, 044602-1 (2006)
J. Dvorak et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 242501 (2006)
W. Reisdorf, M. Schädel, Z. Phys. A 343, 47 (1992)
I. Muntian et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B 34, 2073 (2003)
J.V. Kratz et al., Radiochim. Acta 48, 121 (1989)
W. Paulus et al., Radiochim. Acta 84, 69 (1999)
V. Pershina et al., Radiochim. Acta 64, 37 (1994)
H. Haba et al., J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3, 143 (2002)
A. Toyoshima et al., J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 5, 45 (2004)
M. Schädel et al., Radiochim. Acta 48, 171 (1989)
Y. Nagame et al., Czech. J. Phys. 53, A299 (2003)
M. Schädel et al., Radiochim. Acta 77, 149 (1997)
Ch.E. Düllmann et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 479, 631 (2002)
U.W. Kirbach et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 484, 587 (2002)
H.W. Gäggeler, A. Türler, Gas-Phase Chemistry in: The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements, edited by M. Schädel (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2003), pp. 237–289
V. Pershina et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 792 (2001)
B. Fricke, Struct. Bond. 21, 89 (1975)
K.S. Pitzer, J. Chem. Phys. 63, 1032 (1975)
V. Pershina et al., Nucl. Phys. A 734, 200 (2004)
B. Eichler, Kernenergie 19, 307 (1976)
B. Eichler, H. Rossbach, Radiochim. Acta 33, 121 (1983)
B. Eichler, R. Eichler, Empirical Models in Gas-Phase Adsorption Chemistry, in: The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements, edited by M. Schädel (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2003), pp. 205–236
Yu.Ts. Oganessian et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 5, 63 (1999)
Yu.Ts. Oganessian et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 19, 3 (2004)
S. Hofmann et al., GSI Scientific Report 2006, GSI Report 2007-1, p. 191; S. Hofmann et al., J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 7, R25 (2006)
K.E. Gregorich et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 014605 (2005)
L. Stavsetra et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 543, 509 (2005)
R. Sudowe et al., Radiochim. Acta. 94, 123 (2006)
Ch.E. Düllmann, Czech. J. Phys. 56, D333 (2006)
M. Schädel et al., GSI Scientific Report 2005, GSI report 2006-1, p. 262. In addition, information on the TASCA project, general information on this community and links to a large number of related workshop contributions can be found at: http://www.gsi.de/tasca
V. Ninov et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 357, 486 (1995)
A. Semchenkov et al., GSI Scientific Report 2004, GSI Report 2005-1, p. 332
K. Subotic et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 481, 71 (2002)
A. Semchenkov et al., GSI Scientific Report 2005, GSI report 2006-1, p. 264.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schädel, M. Superheavy element chemistry at GSI – status and perspectives. Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 67–74 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2007-00036-6
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2007-00036-6