Abstract.
It is reported that a surface model of Polyakov strings undergoes a first-order phase transition between smooth and crumpled (or branched polymer) phases. The Hamiltonian of the model contains the Gaussian term and a deficit angle term corresponding to the weight of the integration measure dX in the partition function.
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Koibuchi, H., Kusano, N., Nidaira, A. et al. Phase transition of surface models with intrinsic curvature. Eur. Phys. J. B 42, 561–566 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2005-00015-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2005-00015-9