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Quantum information and quantum simulation of neutrino physics

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Abstract

In extreme astrophysical environments such as core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star mergers, neutrinos play a major role in driving various dynamical and microphysical phenomena, such as baryonic matter outflows, the synthesis of heavy elements, and the supernova explosion mechanism itself. The interactions of neutrinos with matter in these environments are flavor-specific, which makes it of paramount importance to understand the flavor evolution of neutrinos. Flavor evolution in these environments can be a highly nontrivial problem thanks to a multitude of collective effects in flavor space, arising due to neutrino-neutrino (\(\nu \)-\(\nu \)) interactions in regions with high neutrino densities. A neutrino ensemble undergoing flavor oscillations under the influence of significant \(\nu \)-\(\nu \) interactions is somewhat analogous to a system of coupled spins with long-range interactions among themselves and with an external field (‘ long-range’ in momentum-space in the case of neutrinos). As a result, it becomes pertinent to consider whether these interactions can give rise to significant quantum correlations among the interacting neutrinos, and whether these correlations have any consequences for the flavor evolution of the ensemble. In particular, one may seek to utilize concepts and tools from quantum information science and quantum computing to deepen our understanding of these phenomena. In this article, we attempt to summarize recent work in this field. Furthermore, we also present some new results in a three-flavor setting, considering complex initial states.

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Data availability statement

This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: This manuscript has no associated data in a data repository.]

Notes

  1. Here, we exclude the term representing neutrino interactions with ordinary matter (e.g., baryons and charged leptons), since it has a structure that is conceptually similar to the vacuum oscillation term—i.e., consisting of individual neutrinos interacting with a background. In regimes where collective oscillation effects typically dominate, this matter-interaction term can be “ rotated away” with a suitable change-of-basis transformation, resulting in a modified mixing angle and mass-squared splitting compared to the corresponding values in vacuum.

  2. For a multi-neutrino system in a pure quantum state denoted by wavefunction \({|{\Psi }\rangle }\), the density matrix of the entire system is \(\rho = {|{\Psi }\rangle }{\langle {\Psi }|}\). The complement of sub-system A is defined so that \(A \cup A^c\) represents the full quantum system.

  3. In the case of neutrino beams, the definition of the isospin operators can be generalized to represent the entire beam: \(\vec J_A = \sum _{q \in A} \vec J_q\). The polarization vector of the beam is then given by \(\vec {P}_A = 2 \langle \vec {J}_A \rangle /N_A\).

  4. For a 10 MeV neutrino energy and the atmospheric mass-squared splitting \(\delta m^2 \simeq 2.3 \times 10^{-4}\) eV\(^2\), this scale is \(\omega _0 \sim 10^{-16}\) MeV.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award No. DE-SC0019465. AVP acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515. MJC: the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics under Award Number DE-SC0021143. ABB acknowledges support from the NSF grants PHY-2108339 and PHY-2020275. ER work was funded by iTHEMS RIKEN.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin, 1150 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    A. B. Balantekin & Pooja Siwach

  2. George Washington University, 725 21st St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA

    Michael J. Cervia

  3. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Michael J. Cervia

  4. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

    Amol V. Patwardhan

  5. ERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Ermal Rrapaj

  6. RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan

    Ermal Rrapaj

  7. University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA

    Ermal Rrapaj

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  1. A. B. Balantekin
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  2. Michael J. Cervia
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Correspondence to Amol V. Patwardhan.

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Communicated by Denis Lacroix.

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Balantekin, A.B., Cervia, M.J., Patwardhan, A.V. et al. Quantum information and quantum simulation of neutrino physics. Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 186 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01092-7

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