Abstract
Experimental information on fragment emissions is important in understanding the dynamics of nuclear collisions and in the development of transport model simulating heavy-ion collisions. The composition of complex fragments emitted in the heavy-ion collisions can be explained by statistical models, which assume that thermal equilibrium is achieved at collision energies below 100 MeV/u. Our new experimental data together with theoretical analyses for light particles from Sn+Sn collisions at 270 MeV/u, suggest that the hypothesis of thermal equilibrium breaks down for particles emitted with high transfer momentum. To inspect the system’s properties in such limit, the scaling features of the yield ratios of particles from two systems, a neutron-rich system of \({}^{132}\textrm{Sn}+{}^{124}\textrm{Sn}\) and a nearly symmetric system of \({}^{108}\textrm{Sn}+{}^{112}\textrm{Sn}\), are examined in the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model and the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model. The isoscaling from low energy particles agree with both models. However the observed breakdown of isoscaling for particles with high transverse momentum cannot be explained by the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model.
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This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: The data can be available on request sent to the corresponding author.]
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. Pawel Danielewicz for many fruitful discussions. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, USA under Grant Nos. DE-SC0021235, DE-NA0003908, DE-FG02-93ER40773, DE-FG02-93ER40773, DE-SC0019209, DE-SC0015266, DE-AC02-05CH11231, U.S. National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-1565546, the Robert A. Welch Foundation (A-1266 and A-1358), the Japanese MEXT, Japan KAKENHI (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas) grant No. 24105004, JSPS KAKENHI Grants Nos. JP17K05432, JP19K14709 and JP21K03528, the National Research Foundation of Korea under grant Nos. 2018R1A5A1025563 and 2013M7A1A1075764, the Polish National Science Center(NCN) under contract Nos. UMO-2013/09/B/ST2/04064, UMO-2013/-10/M/ST2/00624, Computing resources were provided by FRIB, the HOKUSAI-Great Wave system at RIKEN, and the Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University. S.R. Souza acknowledges partial support from CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ and the use of the supercomputer Lobo Carneiro, where part of the calculations have been carried out. This work has been done as part of the project INCT-Física Nuclear e aplicações, projeto No. 464898/2014-5.
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Lee, J.W., Tsang, M.B., Tsang, C.Y. et al. Isoscaling in central Sn+Sn collisions at 270 MeV/u. Eur. Phys. J. A 58, 201 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00851-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00851-2