Abstract
In this contribution, we review the most important physics presented originally in our recent publications. Some new analyses, insights and perspectives are also provided. We showed recently that the symmetry energy E sym (ρ) and its density slope L(ρ) at an arbitrary density ρ can be expressed analytically in terms of the magnitude and momentum dependence of the single-nucleon potentials using the Hugenholtz-Van Hove (HVH) theorem. These relationships provide new insights about the fundamental physics governing the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy. Using the isospin and momentum (k dependent MDI interaction as an example, the contribution of different terms in the single-nucleon potential to the E sym (ρ) and L(ρ) are analyzed in detail at different densities. It is shown that the behavior of E sym is mainly determined by the first-order symmetry potential U sym,1(ρ, k) of the single-nucleon potential. The density slope L(ρ) depends not only on the first-order symmetry potential U sym,1(ρ, k) but also on the second-order one U sym,2(ρ, k). Both the U sym,1(ρ, k) and U sym,2(ρ, k) at normal density ρ 0 are constrained by the isospin- and momentum-dependent nucleon optical potential extracted from the available nucleon-nucleus scattering data. The U sym,2(ρ, k) especially at high density and momentum affects significantly the L(ρ), but it is theoretically poorly understood and currently there is almost no experimental constraints known.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B.A. Li, C.M. Ko, W. Bauer, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 7, 147 (1998).
B.A. Li, L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, Phys. Rep. 464, 113 (2008).
Bao-An Li, W. Udo Schröer (Editors) Isospin Physics in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2001).
J.M. Lattimer, M. Prakash, Science 304, 536 (2004).
A.W. Steiner, M. Prakash, J.M. Lattimer, P.J. Ellis, Phys. Rep. 411, 325 (2005).
P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, W.G. Lynch, Science 298, 1592 (2002).
P.J. Siemens, Nucl. Phys. A 141, 225 (1970).
C.-H. Lee, T.T. Kuo, G.Q. Li, G.E. Brown, Phys. Rev. C 57, 3488 (1998).
A.W. Steiner, Phys. Rev. C 74, 045808 (2006).
O. Sjöberg, Nucl. Phys. A 222, 161 (1974).
B.A. Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5296 (2000).
V. Baran, M. Colonna, V. Greco, M. Di Toro, Phys. Rep. 410, 335 (2005).
M. Di Toro, V. Baran, M. Colonna, V. Greco, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 37, 083101 (2010).
K. Sumiyoshi, H. Toki, Astrophys. J. 422, 700 (1994).
I. Bombaci, in Isospin Physics in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2001) Chapt. 2.
L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, B.A. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 032701 (2005).
B.A. Li, L.W. Chen, Phys. Rev. C 72, 064611 (2005).
M.B. Tsang, Yingxun Zhang, P. Danielewicz, M. Famiano, Zhuxia Li, W.G. Lynch, A.W. Steiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 122701 (2009).
M. Centelles, X. Roca-Maza, X. Vinas, M. Warda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 122502 (2009).
J.B. Natowitz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 202501 (2010).
Z.G. Xiao, B.A. Li, L.W. Chen, G.C. Yong, M. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 062502 (2009).
C.B. Das, S. Das Gupta, C. Gale, B.A. Li, Phys. Rev. C 67, 034611 (2003).
B.A. Li, C.B. Das, S. Das Gupta, C. Gale, Phys. Rev. C 69, 011603(R) (2004).
B.A. Li, C.B. Das, S. Das Gupta, C. Gale, Nucl. Phys. A 735, 563 (2004).
S. Ulrych, H. Müther, Phys. Rev. C 56, 1788 (1997).
E.N.E. van Dalen, C. Fuchs, A. Faessler, Nucl. Phys. A 74, 227 (2004).
W. Zuo, L.G. Cao, B.A. Li, U. Lombardo, C.W. Shen, Phys. Rev. C 72, 014005 (2005).
S. Fritsch, N. Kaiser, W. Weise, Nucl. Phys. A 750, 259 (2005).
J.A. McNeil, J.R. Shepard, S.J. Wallace, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1439 (1983).
L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, B.A. Li, Phys. Rev. C 72, 064606 (2005).
Z.H. Li, L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, B.A. Li, H.R. Ma, Phys. Rev. C 74, 044613 (2006).
J.R. Stone, J.C. Miller, R. Koncewicz, P.D. Stevenson, M.R. Strayer, Phys. Rev. C 68, 034324 (2003).
V.R. Pandharipande, V.K. Garde, Phys. Lett. B 39, 608 (1972).
R.B. Wiringa et al., Phys. Rev. C 38, 1010 (1988).
M. Kutschera, Phys. Lett. B 340, 1 (1994).
C. Xu, B.A. Li, L.W. Chen, Phys. Rev. C 82, 054607 (2010).
C. Xu, B.A. Li, L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, Nucl. Phys. A 865, 1 (2011).
C. Xu, B.A. Li, Phys. Rev. C 81, 044603 (2010).
C. Xu, B.A. Li, Phys. Rev. C 81, 064612 (2010).
R. Chen, B.J. Cai, L.W. Chen, B.A. Li, X.H. Li, C. Xu, Phys. Rev. C 85, 024305 (2012).
X.H. Li, B.J. Cai, L.W. Chen, R. Chen, B.A. Li, C. Xu, Phys. Lett. B 721, 101 (2013).
Nuclear Density Functional Theory, Nuclear Structure Near the Limits of Stability (INT-05-3) September 26 to December 2, 2005, http://www.int.washington.edu/PROGRAMS/dft.html.
B.J. Cai, L.W. Chen, Phys. Lett. B 711, 104 (2012).
N.M. Hugenholtz, L. Van Hove, Physica 24, 363 (1958).
L. Satpathy, V.S. Uma Maheswari, R.C. Nayak, Phys. Rep. 319, 85 (1999).
K.A. Brueckner, J. Dabrowski, Phys. Rev. 134, B722 (1964).
J. Dabrowski, P. Haensel, Phys. Lett. B 42, 163 (1972).
J. Dabrowski, P. Haensel, Phys. Rev. C 7, 916 (1973).
J. Dabrowski, P. Haensel, Can. J. Phys. 52, 1768 (1974).
A.M. Lane, Nucl. Phys. 35, 676 (1962).
J. Decharge, D. Gogny, Phys. Rev. C 21, 1568 (1980).
Z.H. Li, L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, B.A. Li, H.R. Ma, Phys. Rev. C 74, 044613 (2006).
D.P. Murdock, C.J. Horowitz, Phys. Rev. C 35, 1442 (1987).
J.A. McNeil, L. Ray, S.J. Wallace, Phys. Rev. C 27, 2123 (1983).
E.N.E. van Dalen, C. Fuchs, A. Faessler, Phys. Rev. C 72, 065803 (2005).
W. Zuo, U. Lombardo, H.-J. Schulze, Z.H. Li, Phys. Rev. C 74, 014317 (2006).
M.A. Preston, R.K. Bhaduri, Structure of the Nucleus (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1975) p. 191--202.
G.F. Bertsch, S. Das Gupta, Phys. Rep. 160, 189 (1988).
P.E. Hodgson, The Nucleon Optical Potential (World Scientific Publishing, Sigapore, 1994) p. 7.
G.R. Satchler, W.G. Love, Phys. Rep. 55, 183 (1979).
C. Mahaux, R. Sartor, in Advances in Nuclear Physics, edited by J.W. Negele, E. Vogt, Vol. 20 (New York, Plenum, 1991), pp. 1-223.
S. Hama, B.C. Clark, E.D. Cooper, H.S. Sherif, R.L. Mercer, Phys. Rev. C 41, 2737 (1990).
A.J. Koning et al., Nucl. Phys. A 713, 231 (2003).
J.-P. Jeukenne et al., Phys. Rev. C 43, 2211 (1991).
J. Rapaport et al., Nucl. Phys. A 330, 15 (1979).
R.P. De Vito, NSCL/MSU report-363 (1981).
K. Kwiatkowski et al., Nucl. Phys. A 301, 349 (1978).
D.M. Patterson et al., Nucl. Phys. A 263, 261 (1976).
Y.L. Han et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 024616 (2010).
O.V. Bespalova et al., J. Phys. G 29, 1193 (2003).
R.L. Varner et al., Phys. Rep. 201, 57 (1991).
F.D. Becchetti, G.W. Greenlees, Phys. Rev. 182, 1190 (1969).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by A. Ramos
Contribution to the Topical Issue “Nuclear Symmetry Energy” edited by Bao-An Li, Ángels Ramos, Giuseppe Verde, Isaac Vidaña.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, C., Li, BA. & Chen, LW. Relationship between the symmetry energy and the single-nucleon potential in isospin-asymmetric nucleonic matter. Eur. Phys. J. A 50, 21 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2014-14021-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2014-14021-2