Abstract.
Remnants of neutron-star mergers are essentially massive, hot, differentially rotating neutron stars, which are initially strongly oscillating. As such they represent a unique probe for high-density matter because the oscillations are detectable via gravitational-wave measurements and are strongly dependent on the equation of state. The impact of the equation of state for instance is apparent in the frequency of the dominant oscillation mode of the remnant. For a fixed total binary mass a tight relation between the dominant postmerger oscillation frequency and the radii of nonrotating neutron stars exists. Inferring observationally the dominant postmerger frequency thus determines neutron star radii with high accuracy of the order of a few hundred meters. By considering symmetric and asymmetric binaries of the same chirp mass, we show that the knowledge of the binary mass ratio is not critical for this kind of radius measurements. We perform simulations which show that initial intrinsic neutron star rotation is unlikely to affect this method of constraining the high-density equation of state. We also summarize different possibilities about how the postmerger gravitational-wave emission can be employed to deduce the maximum mass of nonrotating neutron stars. We clarify the nature of the three most prominent features of the postmerger gravitational-wave spectrum and argue that the merger remnant can be considered to be a single, isolated, self-gravitating object that can be described by concepts of asteroseismology. We sketch how the consideration of the strength of secondary gravitational-wave peaks leads to a classification scheme of the gravitational-wave emission and postmerger dynamics. The understanding of the different mechanisms shaping the gravitational-wave signal yields a physically motivated analytic model of the gravitational-wave emission, which may form the basis for template-based gravitational-wave data analysis. We explore the observational consequences of a scenario of two families of compact stars including hadronic and quark matter stars. We find that this scenario leaves a distinctive imprint on the postmerger gravitational-wave signal. In particular, a strong discontinuity in the dominant postmerger frequency as function of the total mass will be a strong indication for two families of compact stars.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration (B.P. Abbott et al.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016)
J.H. Taylor, J.M. Weisberg, Astrophys. J. 345, 434 (1989)
I.H. Stairs, Living Rev. Relativ. 6, 5 (2003)
J.M. Weisberg, D.J. Nice, J.H. Taylor, Astrophys. J. 722, 1030 (2010)
R.A. Hulse, J.H. Taylor, Astrophys. J. Lett. 195, L51 (1975)
A. Bauswein, H.-T. Janka, K. Hebeler, A. Schwenk, Phys. Rev. D 86, 063001 (2012)
F. Acernese, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma et al., Class. Quantum Grav. 32, 024001 (2015)
Y. Aso, Y. Michimura, K. Somiya et al., Phys. Rev. D 88, 043007 (2013)
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, J. Aasi, B.P. Abbott et al., Class. Quantum Grav. 32, 074001 (2015)
J. Abadie et al., Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 173001 (2010)
A. Bauswein, N. Stergioulas, Phys. Rev. D 91, 124056 (2015)
M.D. Duez, Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 114002 (2010)
N. Andersson, V. Ferrari, D.I. Jones et al., Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 43, 409 (2011)
T.W. Baumgarte, S.L. Shapiro, Numerical relativity: Solving Einstein’s Equations on the Computer (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010)
J.A. Faber, F.A. Rasio, Living Rev. Relativ. 15, 8 (2012)
L. Rezzolla, O. Zanotti, Relativistic Hydrodynamics (Oxford University Press, New York, 2013)
J. Clark, A. Bauswein, L. Cadonati et al., Phys. Rev. D 90, 062004 (2014)
J.A. Clark, A. Bauswein, N. Stergioulas, D. Shoemaker, arXiv:1509.08522 (2015)
A. Bauswein, H.-T. Janka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 011101 (2012)
J.M. Lattimer, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62, 485 (2012)
T. Hinderer, B.D. Lackey, R.N. Lang, J.S. Read, Phys. Rev. D 81, 123016 (2010)
T. Damour, A. Nagar, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084016 (2010)
T. Damour, A. Nagar, L. Villain, Phys. Rev. D 85, 123007 (2012)
M. Favata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 101101 (2014)
J.S. Read, L. Baiotti, J.D.E. Creighton et al., Phys. Rev. D 88, 044042 (2013)
W. Del Pozzo, T.G.F. Li, M. Agathos, C. Van Den Broeck, S. Vitale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 071101 (2013)
L. Wade, J.D.E. Creighton, E. Ochsner et al., Phys. Rev. D 89, 103012 (2014)
M. Agathos, J. Meidam, W. Del Pozzo et al., Phys. Rev. D 92, 023012 (2015)
B.D. Lackey, L. Wade, Phys. Rev. D 91, 043002 (2015)
K. Chatziioannou, K. Yagi, A. Klein, N. Cornish, N. Yunes, arXiv:1508.02062 (2015)
A. Bauswein, N. Stergioulas, H.-T. Janka, Phys. Rev. D 90, 023002 (2014)
A. Bauswein, N. Stergioulas, H.T. Janka, Phys. Part. Nucl. 46, 835 (2015)
A. Bauswein, T.W. Baumgarte, H.-T. Janka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 131101 (2013)
N. Stergioulas, A. Bauswein, K. Zagkouris, H.-T. Janka, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418, 427 (2011)
A. Drago, A. Lavagno, G. Pagliara, Phys. Rev. D 89, 043014 (2014)
R. Oechslin, S. Rosswog, F.-K. Thielemann, Phys. Rev. D 65, 103005 (2002)
R. Oechslin, H.-T. Janka, A. Marek, Astron. Astrophys. 467, 395 (2007)
A. Bauswein, H.-T. Janka, R. Oechslin, Phys. Rev. D 82, 084043 (2010a)
A. Bauswein, R. Oechslin, H.-T. Janka, Phys. Rev. D 81, 024012 (2010b)
W.H. Lee, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, G. van de Ven, Astrophys. J. 720, 953 (2010)
L.S. Finn, D.F. Chernoff, Phys. Rev. D 47, 2198 (1993)
C. Cutler, É.E. Flanagan, Phys. Rev. D 49, 2658 (1994)
P. Jaranowski, K.D. Kokkotas, A. Królak, G. Tsegas, Class. Quantum Grav. 13, 1279 (1996)
K.G. Arun, B.R. Iyer, B.S. Sathyaprakash, P.A. Sundararajan, Phys. Rev. D 71, 084008 (2005)
M. van der Sluys, V. Raymond, I. Mandel et al., Class. Quantum Grav. 25, 184011 (2008)
J. Veitch, I. Mandel, B. Aylott et al., Phys. Rev. D 85, 104045 (2012)
M. Hannam, D.A. Brown, S. Fairhurst, C.L. Fryer, I.W. Harry, Astrophys. J. Lett. 766, L14 (2013)
J. Aasi, J. Abadie, B.P. Abbott et al., Phys. Rev. D 88, 062001 (2013)
C.L. Rodriguez, B. Farr, V. Raymond et al., Astrophys. J. 784, 119 (2014)
J. Veitch, V. Raymond, B. Farr et al., Phys. Rev. D 91, 042003 (2015)
B. Farr, C.P.L. Berry, W.M. Farr, arXiv:1508.05336 (2015)
M. Dominik, K. Belczynski, C. Fryer et al., Astrophys. J. 759, 52 (2012)
T. Ertl, H.-T. Janka, S.E. Woosley, T. Sukhbold, M. Ugliano, arXiv:1503.07522 (2015)
V. Paschalidis, Y.T. Liu, Z. Etienne, S.L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 84, 104032 (2011)
X. Zhuge, J.M. Centrella, S.L.W. McMillan, Phys. Rev. D 50, 6247 (1994)
M. Ruffert, H.-T. Janka, G. Schaefer, Astron. Astrophys. 311, 532 (1996)
T.W. Baumgarte, S.L. Shapiro, M. Shibata, Astrophys. J. Lett. 528, L29 (2000)
N.D. Lyford, T.W. Baumgarte, S.L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. 583, 410 (2003)
M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 201101 (2005)
M. Shibata, K. Taniguchi, K. Uryu, Phys. Rev. D 71, 084021 (2005)
M. Shibata, K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 73, 064027 (2006)
R. Oechslin, H.-T. Janka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 121102 (2007)
M. Anderson, E.W. Hirschmann, L. Lehner et al., Phys. Rev. D 77, 024006 (2008)
Y.T. Liu, S.L. Shapiro, Z.B. Etienne, K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 78, 024012 (2008)
L. Baiotti, B. Giacomazzo, L. Rezzolla, Phys. Rev. D 78, 084033 (2008)
K. Kiuchi, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 80, 064037 (2009)
B. Giacomazzo, L. Rezzolla, L. Baiotti, Phys. Rev. D 83, 044014 (2011)
K. Hotokezaka, K. Kyutoku, H. Okawa, M. Shibata, K. Kiuchi, Phys. Rev. D 83, 124008 (2011)
Y. Sekiguchi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 051102 (2011)
V. Paschalidis, Z.B. Etienne, S.L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 86, 064032 (2012)
S. Rosswog, T. Piran, E. Nakar, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430, 2585 (2013)
K. Hotokezaka, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku et al., Phys. Rev. D 88, 044026 (2013)
S. Bernuzzi, T. Dietrich, W. Tichy, B. Brügmann, Phys. Rev. D 89, 104021 (2014)
K. Takami, L. Rezzolla, L. Baiotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 091104 (2014)
K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, T. Wada, Phys. Rev. D 90, 041502 (2014)
D. Radice, L. Rezzolla, F. Galeazzi, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 437, L46 (2014)
K. Takami, L. Rezzolla, L. Baiotti, Phys. Rev. D 91, 064001 (2015)
W. Kastaun, F. Galeazzi, Phys. Rev. D 91, 064027 (2015)
S. Bernuzzi, T. Dietrich, A. Nagar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 091101 (2015)
C. Palenzuela, S.L. Liebling, D. Neilsen et al., Phys. Rev. D 92, 044045 (2015)
T. Dietrich, N. Moldenhauer, N.K. Johnson-McDaniel, arXiv:1507.07100 (2015)
K. Dionysopoulou, D. Alic, L. Rezzolla, Phys. Rev. D 92, 084064 (2015)
R. De Pietri, A. Feo, F. Maione, F. Löffler, arXiv:1509.08804 (2015)
F. Foucart, R. Haas, M.D. Duez, arXiv:1510.06398 (2015)
M. Hempel, J. Schaffner-Bielich, Nucl. Phys. A 837, 210 (2010)
S. Typel, G. Röpke, T. Klähn, D. Blaschke, H.H. Wolter, Phys. Rev. C 81, 015803 (2010)
G.M. Harry, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 084006 (2010)
S. Hild, S. Chelkowski, A. Freise et al., Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 015003 (2010)
R.C. Tolman, Phys. Rev. 55, 364 (1939)
J.R. Oppenheimer, G.M. Volkoff, Phys. Rev. 55, 374 (1939)
N. Andersson, K.D. Kokkotas, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 299, 1059 (1998)
L.-X. Li, B. Paczyński, Astrophys. J. Lett. 507, L59 (1998)
S.R. Kulkarni, arXiv:astro-ph/0510256 (2005)
B.D. Metzger, G. Martínez-Pinedo, S. Darbha et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406, 2650 (2010)
S. Nissanke, M. Kasliwal, A. Georgieva, Astrophys. J. 767, 124 (2013)
A. Bauswein, S. Goriely, H.-T. Janka, Astrophys. J. 773, 78 (2013)
B.D. Metzger, E. Berger, Astrophys. J. 746, 48 (2012)
B.D. Metzger, A. Bauswein, S. Goriely, D. Kasen, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 446, 1115 (2015)
K. Hebeler, J.M. Lattimer, C.J. Pethick, A. Schwenk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 161102 (2010)
C. Constantinou, B. Muccioli, M. Prakash, J.M. Lattimer, Phys. Rev. C 92, 025801 (2015)
B. Paczynski, Astrophys. J. Lett. 308, L43 (1986)
D. Eichler, M. Livio, T. Piran, D.N. Schramm, Nature 340, 126 (1989)
E. Berger, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52, 43 (2014)
N. Hansen, in Towards a new evolutionary computation. Advances on estimation of distribution algorithms, edited by J. Lozano, P. Larranaga, I. Inza, E. Bengoetxea (Springer, 2006) pp. 75--102
L. Bildsten, C. Cutler, Astrophys. J. 400, 175 (1992)
C.S. Kochanek, Astrophys. J. 398, 234 (1992)
D.R. Lorimer, Living Rev. Relativ. 11, 8 (2008)
J. Isenberg, J. Nester, in General Relativity and Gravitation (Plenum Press, New York, 1980) p. 23
J.R. Wilson, G.J. Mathews, P. Marronetti, Phys. Rev. D 54, 1317 (1996)
A.R. Bodmer, Phys. Rev. D 4, 1601 (1971)
E. Witten, Phys. Rev. D 30, 272 (1984)
Z. Berezhiani, I. Bombaci, A. Drago, F. Frontera, A. Lavagno, Astrophys. J. 586, 1250 (2003)
I. Bombaci, I. Parenti, I. Vidaña, Astrophys. J. 614, 314 (2004)
S. Benić, D. Blaschke, D.E. Alvarez-Castillo, T. Fischer, S. Typel, Astron. Astrophys. 577, A40 (2015)
T. Klähn, T. Fischer, Astrophys. J. 810, 134 (2015)
A.V. Olinto, Phys. Lett. B 192, 71 (1987)
G. Lugones, O.G. Benvenuto, H. Vucetich, Phys. Rev. D 50, 6100 (1994)
M. Herzog, F.K. Röpke, Phys. Rev. D 84, 083002 (2011)
G. Pagliara, M. Herzog, F.K. Röpke, Phys. Rev. D 87, 103007 (2013)
A. Drago, G. Pagliara, Phys. Rev. C 92, 045801 (2015)
C. Alcock, E. Farhi, A. Olinto, Astrophys. J. 310, 261 (1986)
J. Madsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2909 (1988)
R.R. Caldwell, J.L. Friedman, Phys. Lett. B 264, 143 (1991)
A. Bauswein, H.-T. Janka, R. Oechslin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 011101 (2009)
J.E. Horvath, L. Paulucci Marinho, arXiv:1504.03365 (2015)
A. Drago, A. Lavagno, G. Pagliara, D. Pigato, Phys. Rev. C 90, 065809 (2014)
A.W. Steiner, M. Hempel, T. Fischer, Astrophys. J. 774, 17 (2013)
E.S. Fraga, A. Kurkela, A. Vuorinen, Astrophys. J. Lett. 781, L25 (2014)
S. Hild, Class. Quantum Grav. 29, 124006 (2012)
R.X. Adhikari, Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 121 (2014)
J. Miller, L. Barsotti, S. Vitale et al., Phys. Rev. D 91, 062005 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by D. Blaschke
Contribution to the Topical Issue on “Exotic matter in neutron stars” edited by David Blaschke, J¨urgen Schaffner-Bielich, Hans-Josef Schulze.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bauswein, A., Stergioulas, N. & Janka, HT. Exploring properties of high-density matter through remnants of neutron-star mergers. Eur. Phys. J. A 52, 56 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16056-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16056-7