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Integral Effect of Interaction of Parts of a Noncentralized Biosystem by the Example of Magistral Hydroplasma Flow Formation in the Shoots of Colonial Hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758)

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Abstract

The emergence of the magistral hydroplasmic flows (HFs) in the shoot of colonial hydroids (Hydrozoa), flowing from it into the stolon and capable of transporting food particles along stolons to the opposite end of the noncentralized organism, is described. We developed a simple method for minute-by-minute visual registration of the direction of movement of particles in hydroplasma in each shoot shaft module for 1.5 h. The HFs entering the shoot are shown to be rhythmic (15.1 ± 5.0 min), but if the outgoing HFs are usually filled with food particles, the returning HFs, as a rule, contain few particles. There is more chaos in the pulsations of hydrants on the shoot than in the stem of the shoot; i.e., the period of receipt of HF from hydrants to the stem of the shoot varies significantly. Previously, it was assumed that outgoing HFs are formed only under the influence of incoming ones, as a response to coenosarc stretching when hydroplasma enters the shoot (under the pressure of other pulsators in the colonial organism). However, it turned out that, from the appearance of the incoming to the beginning of the outgoing HF, 5 min elapsed on average. During this time, hydroplasma fills not only the stem of the shoot but also the hydrants, which contract in response, although not simultaneously. The hydrants squeeze out the hydroplasma during compression into the stem of the shoot, after which the coenosarc of the shoot begins to shrink. It turned out that when taking into account the pulsations of hydrants for 3 min, a clear periodicity is registered, coinciding with the periodicity of HF emanating from the shoot, resulting from compression of the coenosarc of the stem. At the same time, hydroplasma cannot enter the hydrants until the end of the long phase of their compression. Otherwise, the movements of the hydroplasma would be limited only by the space of the shoot. Thus, in a noncentralized system such as the colonial organism of hydroids, the coordination of pulsations of hydrants and coenosarc occurs with significant backlash. In the coenosarc, as a whole, the pulsations are rhythmic with minor fluctuations, while the hydrants are sources of many little rhythmic pulsations (with large variations in the period). Therefore, the contribution of hydrants to the formation of the magistral HF does not appear at once, but for several minutes in the interval between the incoming and outgoing flows.

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Notes

  1. The structure and terminology of colonial hydroids are briefly described in a number of previous articles (for example, Marfenin, 2016).

  2. In early works, the system was called pulsatory-peristaltic (Marfenin, 1985a). An alternative version of the distribution system is presented, for example, in the colonial hydroid Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786) by a continuous unidirectional flow of hydroplasma with a constant speed (Marfenin, 1985b).

  3. According to the applied method, the maximum HF value means the number of consecutive modules in the shoot in which unidirectional HFs are simultaneously recorded.

  4. The entry of hydroplasma into the hydrants has to be judged indirectly—by contradiction, on the basis of the fact that the hydrants pulsate and from time to time the HFs emanating from them are visible.

  5. The working volume is the difference between the maximum and minimum volumes of the pulsator.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the staff of the Pertsov White Sea Biological Station of the Moscow State University for favorable conditions for conducting long-term field and experimental laboratory research.

Funding

The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant no. 22-24-00209.

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  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia

    N. N. Marfenin & V. S. Dementyev

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Correspondence to N. N. Marfenin.

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Marfenin, N.N., Dementyev, V.S. Integral Effect of Interaction of Parts of a Noncentralized Biosystem by the Example of Magistral Hydroplasma Flow Formation in the Shoots of Colonial Hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758). Biol Bull Rev 14, 344–359 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S207908642403006X

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