Abstract
It is commonly accepted that satellite DNA (satDNA) is highly condensed in the interphase. We checked localization, the degree of condensation, and methylation level of centromeric (CEN) and pericentromeric (periCEN) satDNA fragments by immunofluorescent in situ hybridization (immuno-FISH). An antibody against 5-methylcytosine was used for the immunostaining, and satDNA probes were used for FISH. Cells from the normal somatic tissues (placenta cells and lymphocytes), a primary fibroblast cell line (MRC5), and a malignant cell line (A431) were analyzed. CEN satDNA was condensed and highly methylated in all studied cell types. PeriCEN human satellite 3 from chromosome 1 (HS3-1) was condensed in lymphocytes, placenta cells, and in young cells of the primary culture. In senescent fibroblasts and in the malignant cell line A431, the unfolded HS3-1 was observed. An antibody against methylated DNA stained compact patches of the periCEN satDNA and did not stain the unfolded regions. Thus, we observed the unfolding of the HS3-1 in senescent MRC5 and malignant A431. The unfolding was accompanied by partial demethylation of the satDNA that belongs to the constitutive heterochromatin.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- satDNA:
-
satellite DNA
- bp:
-
nucleotide base pairs
- PCR:
-
polymerase chain reaction
- FISH:
-
fluorescent in situ hybridization
- DAPI:
-
4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- FITC:
-
fluorescein isothiocyanate
- DIG:
-
digoxigenine-11-dUTP
- HS3:
-
Human Satellite 3
References
Beridze, T.G., Satellite DNA, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, and Tokyo, 1986.
Belyaeva, T.A., Vishnivetsky, P.N., Potapov, V.A., et al., Species-and Tissue-specific Transcription of Complex, Highly Repeated Satellite-like Bsp Elements in the Fox Genome, Mammal. Genome, 1992, Vol. 3, pp. 233–236.
Boyum, A., Separation of Leukocytes from Blood and Bone Marrow. Introduction, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 1968, Suppl. 97, pp. 1–9.
Cooke, H.J., and Hindley, J., Cloning of Human Satellite III DNA: Different Components are on Different Chromosomes, Nucleic Acids Res., 1979, Vol. 6, pp. 3177–3197.
Craig, J.M., Heterochromatin—Many Flavours, Common Themes, Bioassays, 2005, Vol. 27, pp. 17–28.
Dante, R., Dante-Paire, J., Rigal, D., and Roizes, G., Methylation Patterns of Long Interspersed Repeated DNA and Alphoid Repetitive DNA from Human Cell Lines and Tumors, Anticancer Res., 1992, Vol. 12, pp. 559–563.
Dillon, N., Heterochromatin Structure and Function, Biol. Cell., 2004, Vol. 96, pp. 631–637.
Ehrlich, M., Hopkins, N.E., and Jiang, G., Satellite DNA Hypomethylation in Karyotyped Wilms Tumors, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 2003, Vol. 141, pp. 97–105.
Enukashvily, N., Donev, R., Sheer, D., and Podgornaya, O., Satellite DNA Binding and Cellular Localisation of RNA Helicase P68, J. Cell Sci., 2005, Vol. 118, pp. 611–622.
Fairweather, D.S., Fox, M., and Margison, G.P., The in vitro Lifespan of MRC-5 Cells is Shortened by 5-Azacytidine-induced Demethylation, Exp. Cell Res., 1987, Vol. 168, pp. 153–159.
Guenatri, M., Bailly, D., Maison, C., and Almouzni, G., Mouse Centric and Pericentric Satellite Repeats Form Distinct Functional Heterochromatin, J. Cell Biol., 2004, Vol. 166, pp. 493–505.
Haaf, T., and Schmid, M., Experimental Condensation Inhibition in Constitutive and Facultative Heterochromatin of Mammalian Chromosomes, Cytogenet. Cell Genet., Vol. 2000, vol. 91, pp. 113–123.
Heitz E., Das Heterochromatin der Moose, Jahrb. Wiss. Botanik, 1928, Vol. 69, pp. 762–818.
Herrington, C.S., and McGee, J.B. (Ed.), Diagnostic Molecular Pathology: a Practical Approach, Oxford: New York: IRL Press at Oxford University Press, 1992.
Hoal-van Helden, E.G., and van Helden, P.D., Age-related Methylation Changes in DNA May Reflect the Proliferative Potential of Organs, Mutat. Res., 1989, Vol. 219, pp. 263–266.
Hornsby, P.J., Yang, L., Raju, S.G., et al., Demethylation of Specific Sites in the 5′-Flanking Region of the CYP17 Genes When Bovine Adrenocortical Cells Are Placed in Culture, DNA Cell Biol., 1992, Vol. 11, pp. 385–393.
Howlett, D., Dalrymple, S., and Mays-Hoopes, L.L., Age-related Demethylation of Mouse Satellite DNA is Easily Detectable by HPLC but Not by Restriction Endonucleases, Mutat. Res., 1989, Vol. 219, pp. 101–106.
Jackson, K., Yu, M.C., Arakawa, K., Fiala, E., et al., DNA Hypomethylation is Prevalent Even in Low-grade Breast Cancers, Cancer Biol. Ther., 2004, Vol. 3, pp. 1225–1231.
Lander, E.S., Linton, L.M., Birren, B., et al., International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome, Nature, 2001, Vol. 15, no. 409, pp. 860–921.
Lee, C., Wevrick, R., Fisher, R.B, et al., Human Centromeric DNAs, Hum. Genet., 1997, Vol. 100, pp. 281–304.
Lubit, B.W., Pham, T.D., and Miller, O.J., Localization of 5-Methylcytosine in Human Metaphase Chromosomes by Immunoelectron Microscopy, Cell, 1976, Vol. 9, pp. 503–509.
Luciani, J.J., Depetris, D., Missirian, C., et al., Subcellular Distribution of HP1 Proteins Is Altered in ICF Syndrome, Eur. J. Human Genet., 2004, Vol. 13, pp. 41–51.
Maison, C., Bailly, D., Peters, A.H., et al., Higher-order Structure in Pericentric Heterochromatin Involves a Distinct Pattern of Histone Modification and an RNA Component, Nat. Genet., 2002, Vol. 30, pp. 329–334.
Manuelidis, L., Repeating Restriction Fragments of Human DNA, Nucleic Acids Res., 1976, Vol. 3, pp. 3063–3076.
Manuelidis, L., and Borden, J., Reproducible Compartmentalization of Individual Chromosome Domains in Human CNS Cells Revealed by in situ Hybridization and Three-dimensional Reconstruction, Chromosoma, 1988, Vol. 96, pp. 397–410.
Maraschio, P., Zuffardi, O., Dalla Fior, T., and Tiepolo, L., Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Heterochromatin Instability of Chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, and Facial Anomalies: the ICF Syndrome, J. Med. Genet., 1988, Vol. 25, pp. 173–180.
Metz, A., Soret, J., Vourc’h, C., et al., A Key Role for Stress-induced Satellite III Transcripts in the Relocalization of Splicing Factors into Nuclear Stress Granules, J. Cell Sci., 2004, Vol. 117, pp. 4551–4558.
Narayan, A., Ji, W., Zhang, X.Y., Marrogi, A., et al., Hypomethylation of Pericentromeric DNA in Breast Adenocarcinomas, Int. J. Cancer, 1997, Vol. 77, pp. 833–838.
Peters, A.H., Kubicek, S., Mechtler, K., et al., Partitioning and Plasticity of Repressive Histone Methylation States in Mammalian Chromatin, Mol. Cell., 2003, Vol. 12, pp. 1577–1589.
Poltoratskii, V.P., Dey, R., Belgrader, Ph., et al., Human Satellite 3 (HS3)-binding Protein Exists in the Nuclear Matrix Prepared from Human Cells, Molek. Biologiya (Molecular Biology, Moscow: Engl. Transl.), 1991, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 83–90.
Prosser, J., Frommer, M., Paul, C., and Vincent, P.C., Sequence Relationships of Three Human Satellite DNAs, J. Mol. Biol., 1986, Vol. 187, pp. 145–155.
Qu, G., Grundy, P.E., Narayan, A., and Ehrlich, M., Frequent Hypomethylation in Wilms Tumors of Pericentromeric DNA in Chromosomes 1 and 16, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 1999, Vol. 109, pp. 34–39.
Rouleux-Bonnin, F., Bigot, S., and Bigot, Y., Structural and Transcriptional Features of Bombus terrestris Satellite DNA and Their Potential Involvement in the Differentiation Process, Genome, 2004, Vol. 47, pp. 877–888.
Rudert, F., Bronner, S., Garnier, J.M., and Dolle, P., Transcripts from Opposite Strands of Gamma Satellite DNA are Differentially Expressed during Mouse Development, Mammal. Genome, 1995, Vol. 6, pp. 76–83.
Sambroock, J., Fritsch, E.F., and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Vol. 2100.
Schnedl, W., Mikelsaar, A.V., Breitenbach, M., and Dann, O., DIPI and DAPI: Fluorescence Banding with Only Negliglible Fading, Hum. Genet., 1977, Vol. 36, pp. 167–172.
Shiels, C., Coutelle, C., and Huxley, C., Contiguous Arrays of Satellites 1, 3, and Beta Form a 1.5-Mb Domain on Chromosome 22p, Genomics, 1997, Vol. 44, pp. 35–44.
Singhal, R.P., Mays-Hoopes, L.L., and Eichhorn, G.L., DNA Methylation in Aging of Mice, Mech. Ageing Dev., 1987, Vol. 41, pp. 199–210.
Suzuki, T., Fujii, M., and Ayusawa, D., Demethylation of Classical Satellite 2 and 3 DNA with Chromosomal Instability in Senescent Human Fibroblasts, Exp. Gerontol., 2002, Vol. 37, pp. 1005–1014.
Tagarro, I., Fernandez-Peralta, A.M., and Gonzalez-Aguilera, J.J., Chromosomal Localization of Human Satellites 2 and 3 by a FISH Method Using Oligonucleotides as Probes, Hum. Genet., 1994, Vol. 93, pp. 383–388.
Therkelsen, A.J., Nielsen, A., and Kolvraa, S., Localisation of the Classical DNA Satellites on Human Chromosomes as Determined by Primed in situ Labelling (PRINS). Hum. Genet., 1997, Vol. 100, pp. 322–326.
Tsien, F., Fiala, E.S., Youn, B., et al., Prolonged Culture of Normal Chorionic Villus Cells Yields ICF Syndrome-like Chromatin Decondensation and Rearrangements, Cytogenet. Genome Res., 2002, Vol. 98, pp. 13–21.
Valgardsdottir, R., Chiodi, I., Giordano, M., et al., Structural and Functional Characterization of Noncoding Repetitive RNAs Transcribed in Stressed Human Cells. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2005, Vol. 16, pp. 2597–2604.
Vilain, A., Bernardino, J., Gerbault-Seureau, M., et al., DNA Methylation and Chromosome Instability in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines, Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 2000, Vol. 90, pp. 93–101.
Weierich, C., Brero, A., Stein, S., et al., Three-dimensional Arrangements of Centromeres and Telomeres in Nuclei of Human and Murine Lymphocytes, Chromosome Res., 2003, Vol. 11, pp. 485–502.
Young, J.I., and Smith, J.R., DNA Methyltransferase Inhibition in Normal Human Fibroblasts Induces a p21-dependent Cell Cycle Withdrawal, J. Biol. Chem., 2001, Vol. 276, pp. 19610–19616.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Original Russian Text © I.S.-R. Vaisertrager, O.I. Podgornaya, N.I. Enukashvily, 2007, published in Tsitologiya, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2007, pp. 62–69.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vaisertrager, I.S.R., Podgornaya, O.I. & Enukashvily, N.I. Constitutive heterochromatin DNA fragments are demethylated and decondensed in senescent primary fibroblasts MRC5 and malignant A431 cell line. Cell Tiss. Biol. 1, 50–57 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X07010075
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X07010075