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Saliva Biomarkers in Diagnostics of Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Abstract—Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is based on clinical examination of patient’s cognitive state. In 2018, the A/T/N system was developed, which expanded a spectrum of biomarkers recommended for AD diagnostics. However, the high price and low availability of the suggested methods, including lumbar puncture or positron-emission tomography, limit their use in daily clinical practice. An active search for other diagnostic tools led to studies on biomarkers in peripheral tissues, such as the blood and saliva. Development of ultrasensitive methods allowed detection of minimal alterations of concentrations of various substances, proteins, or metabolites, which can be used for AD diagnosis at the preclinical stage. Saliva is one of the most important biological fluids and potential candidates for study of various biomarkers. However, the absence of a single protocol for collection and conservation as well as the effects of multiple confounding factors make the development of diagnostic panels difficult. In this review, we consider and analyze the main difficulties in saliva research and the results of studies on the possibility of using beta-amyloid, tau-protein, acetylcholinesterase, lactoferrin, and metabolome as the markers of the early stages of AD.

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  1. Ural State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, ul. Repina 3, 620028, Ekaterinburg, Russia

    A. N. Kodintsev, O. P. Kovtun & L. I. Volkova

  2. The Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia

    A. N. Kodintsev

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  1. A. N. Kodintsev
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Kodintsev, A.N., Kovtun, O.P. & Volkova, L.I. Saliva Biomarkers in Diagnostics of Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurochem. J. 14, 429–438 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819712420040042

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