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Rutile Enriched in Chalcophile Elements (Sb, Sn, Te), and Ti-rich Varieties of Tripuhyute and Cassiterite from Sublimates of Active Fumaroles at the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia

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Abstract—The paper contains data on rutile, tripuhyite, and unusual Ti-rich cassiterite found in sublimates of active fumaroles at the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. In contrast to rutile from other geological environments, fumarolic rutile is enriched in minor chalcophile elements. It contains up to (wt %): 35 Sb2O5, 59 SnO2, 11.3 TeO3, 1.9 CuO, 0.4 ZnO, and 18 Fe2O3. Such high Ti and Cu contents in rutile have not been published before, while minor Te contents have been measured for the first time. Cassiterite containing 19–23 wt % TiO2 also is a new variety. Hexavalent tellurium is incorporated into the rutile structure together with trivalent iron according to the substitution scheme Te6+ + 2Fe3+ → 3Ti4+. In fumaroles of the Tolbachik volcano, isostructural rutile, tripuhyite, and cassiterite form a ternary system with several gaps. These minerals were formed at temperatures no lower than 350°C, most likely as a result of interaction between hot volcanic gas (a source for chalcophile elements) and basalt (a source for Ti).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank V.G. Krivovichev for his comments, which improved the manuscript. The XRD study of the mineral was performed at the Research Center for X-ray Diffraction Studies, St. Petersburg State University.

Funding

The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 18-05-00051).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    F. D. Sandalov, I. V. Pekov, N. N. Koshlyakova & V. O. Yapaskurt

  2. Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia

    A. A. Agakhanov

  3. Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 683006, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

    E. G. Sidorov

  4. Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    S. N. Britvin

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  1. F. D. Sandalov
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Correspondence to F. D. Sandalov.

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Translated by I. Baksheev

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Sandalov, F.D., Pekov, I.V., Koshlyakova, N.N. et al. Rutile Enriched in Chalcophile Elements (Sb, Sn, Te), and Ti-rich Varieties of Tripuhyute and Cassiterite from Sublimates of Active Fumaroles at the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Geol. Ore Deposits 63, 682–695 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075701521070084

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