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Comprehensive Review on Versatile Pharmacology of Quinoxaline Derivative

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Abstract

Quinoxaline is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound having many pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. It can be synthesized by adopting green chemistry principles. The quinoxaline containing drugs such as Olaquindox, Echinomycin, Atinoleutin, Levomycin, and Carbadox are currently used as an antibiotic in the market. The objective of this review is to enumerate the various multifunctional property of the quinoxaline moiety. This present review contains the newer quinoxaline derivatives against many targets, receptors, or microorganisms. This work comprises the study on quinoxaline as a core unit from the year 2002 to 2020. All the collected literature has been combined and highlighted for the effective use of that particular derivative. Various potent quinoxaline compounds have been analyzed in the literature. About 50 papers have been reviewed for the novel quinoxaline compounds, the potent derivatives have been reported, and structures were given. The critical role of the quinoxaline on the various heterocyclic moieties has been given more attention in this review. This review paves the way as a source of references for the further development of drug discovery in the wide spectrum of its biological importance.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is thankful to the staff and management of C.L. Baid Metha college of pharmacy for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Thoraipakkam, Chennai-97, Tamil Nadu, 600097, India

    V. Bala Aakash, N. Ramalakshmi, S. Bhuvaneswari & E. Sankari

  2. School of Pharmacy, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India

    S. Arunkumar

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Correspondence to V. Bala Aakash.

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Abbreviations: RNA, ribonucleic acid; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; BET, bromodomain and extra-terminal; t-BOC, tertiary butyl carbamate; ADMET, absorption distribution metabolism excretion and toxicity; IC50, inhibition constant; PDB, protein data bank; CNS, central nervous system; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; TPZ, tirapazamine; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; 3D-QSAR, three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship; PTZ, pentylenetetrazol; PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeation assay; BBB, blood–brain barrier; MABA assay, microplate alamar blue assay; SDRMIC, single drug-resistant minimum inhibitory concentration; Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; UPLC-MS, ultra-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy; EEFs, exo-erythrocytic forms; DMF, dimethylformamide; HIV-RT, human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase; CPE, cytopathogenic effect; DPPH assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SURs, sulfonylurea receptor; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; HPLC-MS, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight; ABTS, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; SAR, structure–activity relationship.

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Bala Aakash, V., Ramalakshmi, N., Bhuvaneswari, S. et al. Comprehensive Review on Versatile Pharmacology of Quinoxaline Derivative. Russ J Bioorg Chem 48, 657–677 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162022040069

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