Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in preserving soil fertility. Assessing how topographic factors (slope gradient, slope length, slope shape, and slope position) and their interactions influence the SOC dynamics in the surface soil of longitudinal ridges of sloping farmland is very important for Mollisols protection in Northeast China. The SOC contents and variations were quantified within classes of topographic factors. A total of 39 soil samples were collected at the same sampling points in 13 typical Mollisol sloping farmland in 2004 and 2016. The results indicated that the average annual decrease rate of SOC from 2004 to 2016 was 5.64‰. The SOC stocks were significantly affected by slope gradient, slope length, and slope shape, but only affected by the interaction between slope gradient and slope position. In addition, the SOC stocks decreased with increasing slope gradient (p < 0.05). The variation in SOC stocks during 12 years showed a decreasing trend with increasing slope length (p < 0.05). The straight slopes had higher variation in SOC stocks than concave and convex slopes (p > 0.05); the footslope had higher SOC content than the upper and middle slope (p > 0.05), corresponding to the soil erosion and deposition along the slope. Our findings could offer suggestions for future landscape management.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
J. An, F. L. Zheng, and B. Wang, “Using 137Cs technique to investigate the spatial distribution of erosion and deposition regimes for a small catchment in the black soil region, Northeast China,” Catena 123, 243–251 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.08.009
Y. X. Bai and Y. C. Zhou, “The main factors controlling spatial variability of soil organic carbon in a small karst watershed, Guizhou Province, China,” Geoderma 357, 113938 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113938
Y. Q. Chen, S. Q. Yu, S. P. Liu, X. L. Wang, Y. Zhang, T. Liu, L. X. Zhou, W. X. Zhang, and S. L. Fu, “Reforestation makes a minor contribution to soil carbon accumulation in the short term: evidence from four subtropical plantations,” For. Ecol. Manage. 384, 400–405 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.053
S. L. Cheng, H. J. Fang, T. H. Zhu, J. J. Zheng, X. M. Yang, X. P. Zhang. and G. R. Yu, “Effects of soil erosion and deposition on soil organic carbon dynamics at a sloping field in Black Soil region, Northeast China,” Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 56 (4), 521–529 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2010.00492.x
O. V. Chernova, I. M. Ryzhova, and M. A. Podvezennaya, “Assessment of organic carbon stocks in forest soils on a regional scale,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 53, 339–348 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229320030023
E. A. de Nijs and E. L. H. Cammeraat, “The stability and fate of soil organic carbon during the transport phase of soil erosion,” Earth-Science Rev. 201, 103067 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103067
L. Deng, K. B. Wang, Z. S. Tang, and Z. P. Shangguan, “Soil organic carbon dynamics following natural vegetation restoration: evidence from stable carbon isotopes (δ13C),” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 221, 235–244 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.048
D. Deumlich, R. H. Ellerbrock, and M. Frielinghaus, “Estimating carbon stocks in young moraine soils affected by erosion,” Catena 162, 51–60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.11.016
F. Ding, Y. L. Hu, L. J. Li, A. Li, S. W. Shi, P. Y. Lian, and D. H. Zeng, “Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks after conversion of meadow to cropland in Northeast China,” Plant Soil 373 (1–2), 659–672 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1827-5
S. Doetterl, A. A. Berhe, E. Nadeu, Z. G. Wang, M. Sommer, and P. Fiener, “Erosion, deposition and soil carbon: a review of process-level controls, experimental tools and models to address C cycling in dynamic landscapes,” Earth-Sci. Rev. 154, 102–122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.12.005
M. M. Fan, R. Lal, H. Zhang, A. J. Margenot, J. T. Wu, P. B. Wu, L. M. Zhang, J. T. Yao, F. R. Chen, and C. Gao, “Variability and determinants of soil organic matter under different land uses and soil types in eastern China,” Soil Tillage Res. 198, 104544 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104544
H. J. Fang, X. M. Yang, X. P. Zhang, and A. Z. Liang, “Using 137Cs tracer technique to evaluate erosion and deposition of black soil in Northeast China,” Pedosphere 16 (2), 201–209 (2006).
H. Y. Fang, L. Y. Sun, D. L. Qi, and Q. G. Cai, “Using 137Cs technique to quantify soil erosion and deposition rates in an agricultural catchment in the black soil region, Northeast China,” Geomorphology 169–170, 142–150 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.04.019
H. Y. Fang, Q. Y. Li, L. Y. Sun, and Q. G. Cai, “Using 137Cs to study spatial patterns of soil erosion and soil organic carbon (SOC) in an agricultural catchment of the typical black soil region, Northeast China,” J. Environ. Radioact. 112, 125–132 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.018
J. Y. Fang, G. R. Yu, L. L. Liu, S. J. Hu, and F. S. Chapin, “Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115 (16), 4015–4020 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700304115
C. Fissore, B. J. Dalzell, A. A. Berhe, M. A. Voegtle, M. A. Evans, and A. Wu, “Influence of topography on soil organic carbon dynamics in a Southern California grassland,” Catena 149, 140–149 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.016
I. Funes, R. Savé, P. Rovira, R. Molowny-Horas, J. M. Alcañiz, E. Ascaso, I. Herms, C. Herrero, J. Boixadera, and J. Vayreda, “Agricultural soil organic carbon stocks in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Drivers and spatial variability,” Sci. Total Environ. 668, 283–294 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.317
L. Gaspar, L. Mabit, I. Lizaga, and A. Navas, “Lateral mobilization of soil carbon induced by runoff along karstic slopes,” J. Environ. Manage. 260, 11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110091
L. Gaspar, L. Quijano, I. Lizaga, and A. Navas, “Effects of land use on soil organic and inorganic C and N at 137Cs traced erosional and depositional sites in mountain agroecosystems,” Catena 181, 104058 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.05.004
G. R. Hancock, V. Kunkel, T. Wells, and C. Martinez, “Soil organic carbon and soil erosion—Understanding change at the large catchment scale,” Geoderma 343, 60–71 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.012
X. D. Huang, D. Wang, P. P. Han, W. C. Wang, Q. J. Li, X. L. Zhang, M. W. Ma, B. J. Li, and S. J. Han, “Spatial patterns in baseflow mean response time across a watershed in the loess plateau: linkage with land-use types,” For. Sci. 66 (3), 382–391 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz084
F. M. S. A. Kirkels, L. H. Cammeraat, and N. J. Kuhn, “The fate of soil organic carbon upon erosion, transport and deposition in agricultural landscapes—A review of different concepts,” Geomorphology 226, 94–105 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.023
J. Kobler, B. Zehetgruber, T. Dirnböck, R. Jandl, M. Mirtl, and A. Schindlbacher, “Effects of aspect and altitude on carbon cycling processes in a temperate mountain forest catchment,” Landscape Ecol. 34 (2), 325–340 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00769-z
R. Lal, “Soil carbon sequestration impact on global climate change and food security,” Science 304 (5677), 1623–1627 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396
R. Lal, “Soil degradative effects of slope length and tillage method on alfisols in Western Nigeria. II. Soil chemical properties, plant nutrient loss and water quality,” Land Degrad. Dev. 8 (3), 221–244 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(199709)8:3<221::Aid-ldr254>3.0.Co;2-p
T. Li, H. C. Zhang, X. Y. Wang, S. L. Cheng, H. J. Fang, G. Liu, and W. P. Yuan, “Soil erosion affects variations of soil organic carbon and soil respiration along a slope in Northeast China,” Ecol. Process. 8 (1), 28 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0184-6
X. Li, G. W. McCarty, D. L. Karlen, C. A. Cambardella, and W. Effland, “Soil organic carbon and isotope composition response to topography and erosion in Iowa,” J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 123 (12), 3649–3667 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jg004824
Y. Li, Q. W. Zhang, D. C. Reicosky, M. J. Lindstrom, L. Y. Bai, and L. Li, “Changes in soil organic carbon induced by tillage and water erosion on a steep cultivated hillslope in the Chinese Loess Plateau from 1898–1954 and 1954–1998,” J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 112 (1), 10 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000107
Z. W. Li, C. Liu, Y. T. Dong, X. F. Chang, X. D. Nie, L. Liu, H. B. Xiao, Y. M. Lu and G. M. Zeng “Response of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks to soil erosion and land use types in the Loess hilly–gully region of China,” Soil Tillage Res. 166, 1–9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.10.004
Z. W. Li, Y. M. Lu, X. D. Nie, B. Huang, W. M. Ma, C. Liu, and H. B. Xiao, “Variability of beryllium-7 and its potential for documenting soil and soil organic carbon redistribution by erosion,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 80 (3), 693–703 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.11.0392
A. Z. Liang, X. P. Zhang, X. M. Yang, N. B. Mclaughlin, Y. Shen, and W. F. Li, “Estimation of total erosion in cultivated black soils in northeast China from vertical profiles of soil organic carbon,” Eur. J. Soil Sci. 60 (2), 223–229 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01100.x
B. Y. Liu, B. X. Yan, B. Shen, Z. Q. Wang, and X. Wei, “Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for cultivated land in the Northeastern black soil area of China,” Sci. Soil Water Conserv. 6 (1), 1–8 (2008).
H. Liu, T. Zhang, B. Liu, G. Liu, and G. V. Wilson, “Effects of gully erosion and gully filling on soil depth and crop production in the black soil region, northeast China,” Environ. Earth Sci. 68 (6), 1723–1732 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1863-0
X. B. Liu, C. L. Burras, Y. S. Kravchenko, A. Duran, T. Huffman, H. Morras, G. Studdert, X. Y. Zhang, R. M. Cruse, and X. H. Yuan, “Overview of mollisols in the world: distribution, land use and management,” Can. J. Soil Sci. 92 (3), 383–402 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-058
X. B. Liu, S. L. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, G. W. Ding, and R. M. Cruse, “Soil erosion control practices in Northeast China: a mini-review,” Soil Tillage Res. 117, 44–48 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.08.005
Y. Liu, Z. Q. Dang, F. P. Tian, D. Wang, and G. L. Wu, “Soil organic carbon and inorganic carbon accumulation along a 30-year grassland restoration chronosequence in semi-arid regions (China),” Land Degrad. Dev. 28 (1), 189–198 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2632
C. Luca, B. C. Si, and R. E. Farrell, “Upslope length improves spatial estimation of soil organic carbon content,” Can. J. Soil Sci. 87 (3), 291–300 (2007). https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss06012
S. B. Maïga-Yaleu, P. Chivenge, H. Yacouba, I. Guiguemde, H. Karambiri, O. Ribolzi, A. Bary, and V. Chaplot, “Impact of sheet erosion mechanisms on organic carbon losses from crusted soils in the Sahel,” Catena 126, 60–67 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.001
M. N. Maslov, O. A. Maslova, and E. I. Kopeina, “Changes in the pools of total and labile soil organic carbon during post-fire succession in the Khibiny Mountain tundra ecosystems,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 53, 330–338 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229320030047
R. H. Miao, J. Ma, Y. Z. Liu, Y. C. Liu, Z. L. Yang, and M. X. Guo, “Variability of aboveground litter inputs alters soil carbon and nitrogen in a coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest of Central China,” Forests 10 (2), 188 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020188
Z. H. Miao, Z. M. Wang, K. S. Song, C. H. Zhang, and C. Y. Ren, “Spatial and temporal variability of soil organic carbon in the Corn Belt of Northeastern China, 1980s–2005: a case study in four counties,” Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 45 (2), 163–176 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.854376
B. A. Miheretu and A. A. Yimer, “Spatial variability of selected soil properties in relation to land use and slope position in Gelana sub-watershed, Northern highlands of Ethiopia,” Phys. Geogr. 39 (3), 230–245 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2017.1380972
M. Fazlollahi Mohammadi, S. G. H. Jalali, Y. Kooch, and D. Said-Pullicino, “Slope gradient and shape effects on soil profiles in the northern mountainous forests of Iran,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 49, 1366–1374 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229316120061
M. Fazlollahi Mohammadi, S. G. Jalali, Y. Kooch, and D. Said-Pullicino, “The effect of landform on soil microbial activity and biomass in a Hyrcanian oriental beech stand,” Catena 149, 309–317 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.10.006
K. Nabiollahi, F. Golmohamadi, R. Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R. Kerry, and M. Davari, “Assessing the effects of slope gradient and land use change on soil quality degradation through digital mapping of soil quality indices and soil loss rate,” Geoderma 318, 16–28 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.12.024
National Soil Survey Office, Data Book of the Second National Soil Survey in China (China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1997).
K. R. Olson and M. M. Al-Kaisi “The importance of soil sampling depth for accurate account of soil organic carbon sequestration, storage, retention and loss,” Catena 125, 33–37 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.004
K. R. Olson and A. N. Gennadiev, “Dynamics of soil organic carbon storage and erosion due to land use change (Illinois, USA),” Eurasian Soil Sci. 53, 436–445 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229320040122
J. Qian, L.-P. Zhang, W.-Y. Wang, and Q. Liu, “Organic carbon losses by eroded sediments from sloping vegetable fields in South China,” J. Mt. Sci. 14 (3), 539–548 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3845-2
D. D. Qiu, B. S. Cui, J. G. Yan, X. Ma, Z. H. Ning, F. F. Wang, H. C. Sui, and J. H. Bai, “Effect of burrowing crabs on retention and accumulation of soil carbon and nitrogen in an intertidal salt marsh,” J. Sea Res. 154, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2019.101808
R. K. Salemme, K. R. Olson, A. N. Gennadiyev, and R. G. Kovach, “Effect of land use change, cultivation, and landscape position on prairie soil organic carbon stocks,” Open J. Soil Sci. 8 (7), 163–173 (2018). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2018.87013
J. Seney and M. A. Madej, “Soil carbon storage following road removal and timber harvesting in redwood forests,” Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 40 (15), 2084–2092 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3781
W. Sun, X. Shi, D. Yu, K. Wang, and H. Wang, “Estimation of soil organic carbon density and storage of Northeast China,” Acta Pedol. Sin. 41 (2), 298–300 (2004).
B. Takoutsing, J. C. Weber, J. A. R. Martin, K. Shepherd, E. Aynekulu, and A. Sila, “An assessment of the variation of soil properties with landscape attributes in the highlands of Cameroon,” Land Degrad. Dev. 29 (8), 2496–2505 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3075
C. L. Tu, T. B. He, X. H. Lu, Y. Luo, and P. Smith, “Extent to which pH and topographic factors control soil organic carbon level in dry farming cropland soils of the mountainous region of Southwest China,” Catena 163, 204–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.12.028
C. Vos, A. Don, E. U. Hobley, R. Prietz, A. Heidkamp, and A. Freibauer, “Factors controlling the variation in organic carbon stocks in agricultural soils of Germany,” Eur. J. Soil Sci. 70 (3), 550–564 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12787
D. Wang, Z. S. Chi, B. J. Yue, X. D. Huang, J. Zhao, H. Q. Song, Z. L. Yang, R. H. Miao, Y. C. Liu, Y. J. Zhang, Y. Miao, S. J. Han, and Y. Z. Liu, “Effects of mowing and nitrogen addition on the ecosystem C and N pools in a temperate steppe: a case study from northern China,” Catena 185, 104332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104332
L. Wang, F. L. Zheng, X. C. J. Zhang, G. V. Wilson, C. Qin, C. He, G. Liu, and J. Q. Zhang, “Discrimination of soil losses between ridge and furrow in longitudinal ridge-tillage under simulated upslope inflow and rainfall,” Soil Tillage Res. 198, 12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104541
L. Wang, X. F. Zuo, F. L. Zheng, G. V. Wilson, X. J. C. Zhang, Y. F. Wang, and H. Fu, “The effects of freeze-thaw cycles at different initial soil water contents on soil erodibility in Chinese mollisol region,” Catena 193, 11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104615
S. Wang, K. Adhikari, Q. L. Zhuang, H. L. Gu, and X. X. Jin, “Impacts of urbanization on soil organic carbon stocks in the northeast coastal agricultural areas of China,” Sci. Total Environ. 721, 137814 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137814
S. Wei, X. Zhang, N. B. McLaughlin, X. Chen, S. Jia, and A. Liang, “Impact of soil water erosion processes on catchment export of soil aggregates and associated SOC,” Geoderma 294, 63–69 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.021
H. B. Xiao, Z. W. Li, X. F. Chang, B. Huang, X. D. Nie, C. Liu, L. Liu, D. Y. Wang, and J. Y. Jiang, “The mineralization and sequestration of organic carbon in relation to agricultural soil erosion,” Geoderma 329, 73–81 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.018
Z. B. Xie, J. G. Zhu, G. Liu, G. Cadisch, T. Hasegawa, C. M. Chen, H. F. Sun, H. Y. Tang, and Q. Zeng, “Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s,” Global Change Biol. 13 (9), 1989–2007 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01409.x
X. M. Xu, F. L. Zheng, G. V. Wilson, C. He, J. Lu, and F. Bian, “Comparison of runoff and soil loss in different tillage systems in the mollisol region of Northeast China,” Soil Tillage Res. 177, 1–11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.10.005
X. Z. Xu, Y. Xu, S. C. Chen, S. G. Xu, and H. W. Zhang, “Soil loss and conservation in the black soil region of Northeast China: a retrospective study,” Environ. Sci. Policy 13 (8), 793–800 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.07.004
B. X. Yan and J. Yang, “Study on black soil erosion rate and the transformation of soil quality influenced by erosion,” Geogr. Res. 24 (4), 499–506 (2005).
W. G. Yang, F. L. Zheng, Z. L. Wang, and Y. Han, “Effects of topography on spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition on hillslope in the typical of black soil region,” Acta Pedol. Sin. 53 (3), 572–581 (2016).
M. Y. You, X. Z. Han, N. Hu, S. L. Du, T. A. Doane, and L. J. Li, “Profile storage and vertical distribution (0–150 cm) of soil inorganic carbon in croplands in northeast China,” Catena 185 (8), 104302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104302
S. L. Zhang, L. L. Jiang, X. B. Liu, X. Y. Zhang, S. C. Fu, and L. Dai, “Soil nutrient variance by slope position in a Mollisol farmland area of Northeast China,” Chin. Geogr. Sci. 26 (4), 508–517 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-015-0737-2
X. B. Zhang, D. E. Walling, and Q. He, “Simplified mass balance models for assessing soil erosion rates on cultivated land using caesium-137 measurements,” Hydrol. Sci. J. 44 (1), 33–45 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669909492201
X. F. Zhang, J. F. Adamowski, C. F. Liu, J. J. Zhou, G. F. Zhu, X. G. Dong, J. J. Cao, and Q. Feng, “Which slope aspect and gradient provides the best afforestation-driven soil carbon sequestration on the China’s Loess Plateau?” Ecol. Eng. 147, 9 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105782
X. Q. Zhang, M. C. Hu, X. Y. Guo, H. Yang, Z. K. Zhang, and K. L. Zhang, “Effects of topographic factors on runoff and soil loss in Southwest China,” Catena 160, 394–402 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.10.013
X. Y. Zhang, X. B. Liu, and J. Zhao, Utilization and Conservation of Black Soil (Science Press, Beijing, 2018).
X. Y. Zhang, Y. Y. Sui, and C. Y. Song, “Degradation process of arable mollisols,” Soil Crop 2 (1), 1–6 (2013).
X. Y. Zhang, Y. Y. Sui, X. D. Zhang, K. Meng, and S. J. Herbert, “Spatial variability of nutrient properties in black soil of northeast China,” Pedosphere 17 (1), 19–29 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(07)60003-4
J. L. Zhao, Z. Q. Yang, and G. Govers, “Soil and water conservation measures reduce soil and water losses in China but not down to background levels: evidence from erosion plot data,” Geoderma 337, 729–741 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.10.023
P. Z. Zhao, S. Li, E. H. Wang, X. W. Chen, J. F. Deng, and Y. S. Zhao, “Tillage erosion and its effect on spatial variations of soil organic carbon in the black soil region of China,” Soil Tillage Res. 178, 72–81 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.12.022
Y. Y. Zhou, Y. J. Xu, W. H. Xiao, J. H. Wang, C. L. Hao, P. Zhou, and M. Shi, “Identifying the tillage effects on phosphorus export from phaeozems-dominated agricultural watershed: a plot-scale rainfall-runoff study in Northeast China,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 50, 1494–1505 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229317130075
M. Zhu, Q. Feng, M. X. Zhang, W. Liu, Y. Y. Qin, R. C. Deo, and C. Q. Zhang, “Effects of topography on soil organic carbon stocks in grasslands of a semiarid alpine region, northwestern China,” J. Soil Sediments 19 (4), 1640–1650 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2203-0
Y. G. Zu, R. Li, W. J. Wang, D. X. Su, Y. Wang, and L. Qiu, “Soil organic and inorganic carbon contents in relation to soil physicochemical properties in northeastern China,” Acta Ecol. Sin. 31 (18), 5207–5216 (2011).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41571264 and 41701313). The data was supported from “National Earth System Science Data Center (http://www.geodata.cn)”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wei Hu, Zhai, X., Du, S. et al. Impacts of Slope and Longitudinal Ridge on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in the Typical Mollisols Sloping Farmland (China). Eurasian Soil Sc. 54, 951–963 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229321060065
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229321060065