Abstract
This paper proposes an integrated adaptive impedance matching system using phase shifters to transform dynamically varying complex load impedances for conjugate matching. The system comprises mismatch detector, control circuit, and variable elements. Variable phase shifter is much easier to make compared to variable inductor and capacitor. It has low parasitics, high Q-factor, highly linear, and can be made to have wide tuning range. It is more superior than variable inductor/capacitor at ultra-high microwave frequencies. The equations and design methodologies for the adaptive impedance matching system are presented, including a few methods to automatically control the phase shifters. The impedance matching domains are also analyzed. A few simulation examples are presented. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the system.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
V. T. Rathod, “A review of electric impedance matching techniques for piezoelectric sensors,” Actuators and Transducers. Electronics 8 (2), 169 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020169
Li Huanan, Mekawy Ahmed, and Alu Andrea, “Beyond Chu’s limit with floquet impedance matching,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 (16), 164102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.164102
M. Alibakhshikenari, B. S. Virdee, P. Shukla, et al., “Improved adaptive impedance matching for RF front-end systems of wireless transceivers,” Sci. Rep. 10, 14065 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71056-0
Shlivinski Amir and Hadad Yakir, “Beyond the bode-fano bound: wideband impedance matching for short pulses using temporal switching of transmission-line parameters,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (20), 204301 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204301
S. Fan et al., “A 2.45-GHz rectifier-booster regulator with impedance matching converters for Wireless energy harvesting, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques 67 (9), 3833–3843 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2019.2910062
Qingping Wang, Sha Li, Jin An Sam Oh, Tian Wu, “Electrical impedance matching based on piezoelectric ceramics for energy harvesting application,” Mater. Technol. 35 (9–10), 650–655 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2020.1746526
P. Wu et al., “High-efficient rectifier with extended input power range based on self-tuning impedance matching,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Lett. 28 (12), 1116–1118 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2018.2876773
T. Shih and N. Behdad, “Wideband, non-foster impedance matching of electrically small transmitting antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 (11), 5687–5697 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2863123
B. K. Chung, “Variability analysis of impedance matching network,” Microelectron. J. 37 (11), 1419–1423 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2006.06.001
B. K. Chung, “Q-based design method for T network impedance matching,” Microelectron. J. 37 (9), 1007–1011 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2006.01.019
R. N. Simons and R. Q. Lee, “Impedance matching of tapered slot antenna using a dielectric transformer,” Electron. Lett. 34, 2287–2289 (1998).
W. C. E. Neo, Y. Lin, X. D. Liu, L. C. N. de Vreede, L. E. Larson, M. Spirito, M. J. Pelk, K. Buisman, A. Akhnoukh, A. de Graauw, and L. K. Nanver, “Adaptive multi-band multi-mode power amplifier using integrated varactor-based tunable matching networks,” IEEE J. Solid- State Circuits 41 (9), 2166–2176 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2006.880586
H. T. Zhang, H. Gao, and G. P. Li, “Broad-band power amplifier with a novel tunable output matching network,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 53 (11), 3606–3614 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2005.858374
C. E. McIntosh, R. D. Pollard, and R. E. Miles, “Novel MMIC source impedance tuners for on-wafer microwave noise-parameter measurements,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47 (2), 125–131 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/22.744286
D. Lauder and Y. Sun, “Design considerations of antennas and adaptive Impedance matching networks for RF energy harvesting,” 2020 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD), 2020, pp. 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCTD49232.2020.9218310
H. Jang, W. Lee, T. Yeo, and J. Yu, “Adaptive load impedance matching using 5-port reflectometer with computationally simple measurement,” 2013 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), 2013, pp. 857–859. https://doi.org/10.1109/APMC.2013.6694957
Y. Li, W. Dong, Q. Yang, J. Zhao, L. Liu, and S. Feng, “An automatic impedance matching method based on the feedforward-backpropagation neural network for a WPT system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 66 (5), 3963–3972 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2835410
Y. Li and D. Cheng, “Adaptive impedance matching system,” 2010 International Forum on Information Technology and Applications, 2010, pp. 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/IFITA.2010.126
A. van Bezooijen, M. A. de Jongh, F. van Straten, R. Mahmoudi, and A. H. M. van Roermund, “Adaptive impedance-matching techniques for controlling L networks,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Regular Pap. 57 (2), 495–505 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2009.2023764
Fanfan Meng, van Bezooijen A., and Mahmoudi R., “A mismatch detector for adaptive antenna impedance matching, 36th European Microwave Conference, 2006, pp. 1457–1460. https://doi.org/10.1109/EUMC.2006.281332
M. Thompson and J. F. Fidler, “Application of the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing to LC filter tuning,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Circuits Devices Syst. 148 (4), 177–182 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20010454
Q. Gu, J. R. De Luis, A. S. Morris III, and J. Hilbert, An analytical algorithm for Pi-network impedance tuners, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Regular Pap. 58 (12), 2894–2905 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2011.2158700
Q. Gu and A. S. Morris, “A new method for matching network adaptive control,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 61 (1), 587–595 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2012.2230022
P. Sjoblom and H. Sjöland, “An adaptive impedance tuning CMOS circuit for ISM 2.4-GHz band,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Regular Pap. 52 (6), 1115–1124 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2005.849116
A. Robichaud, A. H. Alameh, F. Nabki, and D. Deslandes, “An agile matching network using phase detection for antenna tuning,” IEEE 20th International Conference on Circuits, and Systems (ICECS), 2013, pp. 755–758. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2013.6815524
M. M. Teymoori, M. Dousti, and S. Afrang, “A low-loss compact six-bit DMTL phase shifter for phased array antenna applications,” Int. J. Circuit Theor. Appl. 48, 2111–2129 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.2871
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chung Boon Kuan Integrated Adaptive Impedance Matching Using Phase Shifters. J. Commun. Technol. Electron. 66 (Suppl 2), S185–S193 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064226921140084
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064226921140084