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The Composition of Cosmic Rays in the Knee Area

  • Elementary Particles and Fields/Experiment
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Abstract

Studying the spectrum of secondary particles at the Large Hadron Collider at energies equivalent to 1–100 PeV in the laboratory system, the scaling behavior of hadron spectra is observed. At the same energies, a number of effects incompatible with this behavior are observed in cosmic rays. In the spectrum of extensive air showers, a bend (knee) is observed at an energy of 3 PeV. According to the data of the large ionization calorimeter on the Tien Shan, the absorption length of hadron showers increases in the same energy region. In the hybrid HADRON experiment, there is a scaling violation in the spectrum of secondary hadrons and an abnormal excess of muons in proton showers. According to the data of X-ray emulsion chambers, events with halos appear in the knee area and the alignment in energy centers in gamma–hadron events is observed. Taking into account the LHC data, these anomalies should be explained by astrophysical reasons, i.e., changes in the composition of cosmic rays.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    S. B. Shaulov, V. A. Ryabov, A. L. Shepetov, E. A. Beisembayeva, E. N. Gudkova, V. V. Zhukov & E. A. Kupriyanova

  2. Physical and Technical Institute, LLP, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    T. Kh. Sadykov

  3. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    N. O. Saduev

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  1. S. B. Shaulov
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  2. V. A. Ryabov
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  3. A. L. Shepetov
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Correspondence to S. B. Shaulov.

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Shaulov, S.B., Ryabov, V.A., Shepetov, A.L. et al. The Composition of Cosmic Rays in the Knee Area. Phys. Atom. Nuclei 84, 907–914 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778821130305

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