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Atmospheric Effects of Electron and Muon Components of Cosmic Rays: Sensitivity Theory Approach and Data of Operational Satellite Monitoring

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Abstract

The results of a complex approach to the study of sensitivity of spatial distributions of electron and muon components of extensive air showers (EAS), measured by scintillation detectors, to variations in the temperature profile of the atmosphere are presented. To describe the lateral dependence of the spatial distribution function (SDF) of electrons in electron–photon cascades (EPC) and the SDF of muons of EAS, the method of the adjoint equations and also the variational theory of sensitivity, developed by the authors, were used. Spatial distributions of electron and muon components of EAS, as well as the corresponding differential temperature coefficients, were simulated by Monte Carlo methods. To assess the effect of variations in the temperature profile of the atmosphere on the spatial distribution of particles satellite monitoring of main parameters of the system ‘‘atmosphere–underlying surface’’ was carried out at locations of Yakutsk complex EAS array and TAIGA observatory. As a result, coefficients of differential sensitivity of spatial distributions of electrons and muons to variations in the temperature profile of the atmosphere were obtained for the first time. Corrective function that relates the energy release in scintillation detectors of various thicknesses with the electrons’ density above the detector at various distances from the shower axis were established. Based on the obtained data, a method for correcting the EAS detectors’ readings in view of the temperature effect has been developed. It is shown that changes in SDFs of the EAS electromagnetic component due to variations in the atmospheric temperature profile in one annual cycle of operation can exceed 10\(\%\).

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Funding

The work was performed at the UNU ‘‘Astrophysical Complex of MSU-ISU’’ (agreement 13.UNU.21.0007). The work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants nos. 19-52-44002, 19-32-60003), the Russian Science Foundation (grants nos. 19-72-20067, 19-72-00010), the Russian Federation Ministry of Science and High Education (projects FZZE-2020-0017, FZZE-2020-0024).

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  1. Radiophysics and Theoretical Physics Department, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia

    A. A. Lagutin, A. I. Goncharov, R. I. Raikin, A. I. Reviakin & N. V. Volkov

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  1. A. A. Lagutin
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  2. A. I. Goncharov
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  3. R. I. Raikin
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  4. A. I. Reviakin
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  5. N. V. Volkov
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Correspondence to A. A. Lagutin.

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Lagutin, A.A., Goncharov, A.I., Raikin, R.I. et al. Atmospheric Effects of Electron and Muon Components of Cosmic Rays: Sensitivity Theory Approach and Data of Operational Satellite Monitoring. Phys. Atom. Nuclei 84, 1150–1158 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778821130196

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