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Side Channels of Information Leakage in Quantum Cryptography: Nonstrictly Single-Photon States, Different Quantum Efficiencies of Detectors, and Finite Transmitted Sequences

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Abstract

The implementation of quantum cryptography systems significantly differs from idealized models used to prove the secrecy of distributed keys. Without taking into account the imperfections of real systems, it is impossible to seriously talk about cryptographic strength. The practical use of quantum cryptography systems requires taking into account all the real factors affecting the secrecy of distributed keys. In this paper, in fact an analytical method is proposed that takes into account the nonstrict single-photon nature of information states, different quantum efficiencies of detectors, fluctuations of parameters due to finite transmitted sequences, information leakage through side channels during both passive detection of side radiation and active probing of the components of the system. The states in the side channels may have extremely low intensity; therefore, they are considered in quantum terms. The maximum possible total information leakage to the eavesdropper in all channels is achieved in joint collective measurements of both quantum information states and quantum states in side channels. The method is applicable to any spectral distribution of the number of photons in side channels.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to my colleagues from the Academy of Cryptography of the Russian Federation for discussions and support, as well as to I.M. Arbekov and S.P. Kulik for numerous interesting discussions and remarks that helped to improve the presentation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, Russia

    S. N. Molotkov

  2. Academy of Cryptography of the Russian Federation, 121552, Moscow, Russia

    S. N. Molotkov

  3. Quantum Technology Center, Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia

    S. N. Molotkov

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  1. S. N. Molotkov
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Correspondence to S. N. Molotkov.

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Translated by I. Nikitin

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Molotkov, S.N. Side Channels of Information Leakage in Quantum Cryptography: Nonstrictly Single-Photon States, Different Quantum Efficiencies of Detectors, and Finite Transmitted Sequences. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 133, 272–304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776121080136

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776121080136

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