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GRB 231115A—a Magnetar Giant Flare in the M82 Galaxy

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Abstract

The results of a study of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 231115A in the X-ray and gamma-ray ranges are presented, based on data from the INTEGRAL and Fermi space observatories. The source of the burst is localized by the IBIS/ISGRI telescope of INTEGRAL observatory with an accuracy of \({\leq}1.\!\!^{\prime}5\), it is located in the Cigar Galaxy (M 82). Early follow-up observations of the burst localization region were carried out in the optical range with the 36-cm telescope of the ISON-Kitab observatory and the 70-cm telescope AS-32 of the Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory. The optical emission has not been detected. The proximity of the host galaxy (\(D_{L}\simeq 3.5\) Mpc) significantly limits energetics of the event (\(E_{\textrm{iso}}\ \sim\ 10^{45}\) erg) and allows us to interpret the burst as a giant flare of a previously unknown soft gamma repeater (SGR) which is an extreme manifestation of the activity of a highly magnetized neutron star (magnetar). This conclusion is confirmed by the energy spectrum atypically hard for cosmological gamma-ray bursts, as well as the absence of optical afterglow and gravitational wave signal, which should have been detected in the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA experiments if the burst was caused by a merger of binary neutron stars. The location of the burst in the \(E_{p,i}{-}E_{\textrm{iso}}\) and \(T_{90,i}{-}EH\) diagrams also suggests that GRB 231115A was a magnetar giant flare. This is the first well-localized giant flare of an extragalactic SGR.

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Notes

  1. This contradicts also the conclusion drawn from the analysis of the light curves obtained by the IBIS/ISGRI telescope of the INTEGRAL observatory, that the burst time profile in the softest channel becomes wider than that in the hard channels. Note, however, that the sensitivity of Fermi/GBM at such low energies falls noticeably while its background count rate rises.

  2. Added in proofs: After passing the manuscript in press, observations of the M 82 galaxy were made in its quiet state (when a possible optical component should have already faded) on December 8 and 9, 2023 (\({\sim}21.5\) days after the burst) on the telescopes in AbAO and Kitab, respectively. This allowed us to more accurately subtract the contribution of the M 82 galaxy from the images we obtained immediately after the burst.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work was based on data from the INTEGRAL observatory, obtained through its Russian and European Science Data Centers, and the Fermi observatory, obtained through NASA/HEASARC. PM is grateful to the Time Allocation Committee (TAC) of the INTEGRAL observatory for supporting his proposal no. 2040014 in response to the INTEGRAL Announcement of Opportunity 20, which resulted in the data of GRB 231115A observations.

Funding

The authors (AP, ICh, NP, PM, and SG) are grateful to the Russian Science Foundation for financial support (grant no. 23-12-00220).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    P. Yu. Minaev, A. S. Pozanenko, S. A. Grebenev, I. V. Chelovekov & N. S. Pankov

  2. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    P. Yu. Minaev

  3. National Research University ‘‘Higher School of Economics’’, 101000, Moscow, Russia

    A. S. Pozanenko, N. S. Pankov & A. A. Khabibullin

  4. Evgeni Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory, 0301, Abastumani, Mt. Kanobili, Georgia

    R. Ya. Inasaridze

  5. Petrozavodsk State University, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia

    A. O. Novichonok

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Minaev, P.Y., Pozanenko, A.S., Grebenev, S.A. et al. GRB 231115A—a Magnetar Giant Flare in the M82 Galaxy. Astron. Lett. 50, 1–24 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063773724600152

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063773724600152

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