Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments of the western coast of the Bering Sea

  • Invertebrate Zoology
  • Published:
Russian Journal of Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The quantitative and qualitative composition of live dinoflagellate cysts was studied in the upper two-centimeter layer of recent marine sediments that were collected at 19 stations in the coastal waters of the western Bering Sea. A total of 28 types of identified cysts belonged to the following 11 genera: Alexandrium, Diplopsalis, Ensiculifera, Gonyaulax, Gyrodinium, Pentapharsodinium, Polykrikos, Preperidinium, Protocera- tium, Protoperidinium, and Scrippsiella. The morphology of dinoflagellate cysts from recent sediments of Russian seas, such as the shape, the size, and also the structure of the phragma, including the processes and the archeopyle, was described comprehensively for the first time. Cysts of the species Gonyaulax spinifera, Pentapharsodinium dalei, Protoceratium reticulatum, Protoperidinium americanum, P. conicoides, P. subinerme, Scrippsiella crystallina, and S. trochoidea were the most widespread. Those of the potentially toxic species Alexandrium tamarense were also widely distributed and prevailed in the studied area. Their concentration varied from 0 to 25 860 cells/cm3; the maximum concentration was recorded in Pavel Bay, Koryak Okrug, and Kamchatka.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Vozzhennikova, T.F., Dinocisty i ikh stratigraficheskoye znacheniye (Dynocysts and their Stratigraphic Significance), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kiselev, I.A., Composition and Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Northern Bering Sea and Southern Chukchi Sea, Issled. Morei SSSR, 1937, no. 25, pp. 217–245.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Konovalova, G.V., Dinoflagellyaty (Dinophyta) dal’nevostochnykh morei Rossii i sopredel’nykh akvatorii Tikhogo okeana (Dinoflagellatae (Dinophyta) of the Far Eastern Seas of Russia and Adjacent Waters of the Pacific Ocean), Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lebedev, S.P., Caution: Red Tide, Ryb. Khoz., 1968, no. 5, pp. 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lotsiya Beringova morya. Chast’ I. Zapadnaya chast’ morya (Sailing Directionsin in the Bering Sea, Part 1: Western Part of the Sea), USSR Ministry of Defense, Hydrographic Agency, 1969.

  6. Orlova, T.Yu. and Morozova, T.V., Resting Stages of Microalgae in Recent Marine Sediments of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russ. J. Mar. Bio., 2009, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 313–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Semina, G.I., Qualitative Structure of the Phytoplankton of the Bering Sea, Botan. Materialy Otd. sporovykh rastenii Botan. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1960, vol. 13, pp. 35–43.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson, D.M. and Wall, D., Potential Importance of Benthic Cysts of Gonyaulax tamarensis and G. excavate in Initiating Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, J. Phycol., 1978, vol. 14, p. 224–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson, D.M., Aubrey, D.G., Tyler, M.A., and Coats, D.W., Vertical and Horizontal Distributions of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1982, vol. 27, pp. 757–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Baldwin, R.P., Dinoflagellate Resting Cysts Isolated from Sediments in Marlborough Sound, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 1987, vol. 21, pp. 543–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Balech, E., El Genero Protoperidinium Bergh, 1881 (Peridinium Ehrenberg, 1831 partim), Rev. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat., 1974, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–79.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bolch, C.J. and Hallegraeff, G.M., Dinoflagellate Cysts in Recent Marine Sediments from Tasmania, Australia, Bot. Mar., 1990, vol. 33, pp. 173–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bujak, J.P., Cenozoic Dinoflagellate Cysts and Acritarchs from the Bering Sea and Northern North Pacific, Micropaleontology, 1984, vol. 30, pp. 180–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bujak, J.P. and Matsuoka, K., Taxonomic Reallocation of Cenozoic Dinoflagellate Cysts from Japan and the Bering Sea, Palynology, 1986, vol. 10, pp. 235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chang, F.H., Anderson, D.M., Kulis, D.G., and Till, D.G., Toxin Production of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) from the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, Toxicon, 1997, vol. 35, pp. 393–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dale, B., Cysts of the Toxic Red-Tide Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavate (Braarud) Balech from Oslofjorden, Norway, Sarsia, 1977, vol. 63, pp. 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dale, B., Dinoflagellate Resting Cysts: “Benthic Plankton”, in Survival Strategies of the Algae, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983, pp. 69–136.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dale, B., Life Cycle Strategies of Oceanic Dinoflagellates, UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci., 1986, vol. 49, pp. 65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Dale, B., Thorsen, T.A., and Fjellså, A., Dinoflagellate Cysts as Indicators of Cultural Eutrophication in the Oslofjord, Norway, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 1999, vol. 48, pp. 371–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Dale, B., Yentsch, C.M., and Hurst, J.W., Toxicity in Resting Cysts of the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavate from Deeper Water Coastal Sediments, Science, 1978, vol. 201, no. 4362, pp. 1223–1225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. De Vernal, A., Henry, M., and Bilodeau, G., Technique de Préparation et d’Analyse en Micropaléontologie, Les Cahiers du GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, unpublished report, 1999, no. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  22. De Vernal, A., Henry, M., Matthiessen, J., et al., Dinoflagellate Cyst Assemblages as Tracers of Sea-Surface Conditions in the Northern North Atlantic, Arctic and Sub-Arctic Seas: the New ‘n = 677’ Data Base and its Application for Quantitative Palaeoceanographic Reconstruction, J. Quat. Sci., 2001, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 681–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dodge, J.D., Some Revisions to the Family Gonyaulacaceae (Dinophyceae) Based on a Scanning Electron Microscope Study, Bot. Mar., 1989, vol. 32, pp. 275–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ellegaard, M., Christensen, N.F., and Moestrup, Ø., Dinoflagellate Cysts from Recent Danish Marine Sediments, Eur. J. Phycol., 1994, vol. 29, p. 183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Eppley, R.W. and Weiler, C.S., The Dominance of Nannoplankton as an Indicator of Marine Pollution: a Critique, Oceanol. Acta, 1979, no. 2, pp. 241–245.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fensome, R.A., Riding, J.B., and Taylor, F.J.R., Dinoflagellates, Palynology: Principles and Applications, Jansonius, J. and McGregor, D.C., Eds., American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1996, vol. 1, pp. 107–169.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Fensome, R.A., Taylor, F.J.R., Norris, G., et al., A Classification of Living and Fossil Dinoflagellates, Micropaleontol. Spec. Publ., 1993, vol. 7, pp. 13–51.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fukuyo, Y., Cysts of Naked Dinoflagellates, in Fundamental Studies of the Effects of the Marine Environment on the Outbreaks of Red Tides: Reports of Environmental Sciences, Monbusho, Tokyo, 1982, pp. 205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fukuyo, Y., Morphology of Protogonyaulax tamarensis (Lebour) Taylor and Protogonyaulax catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Taylor from Japanese Coastal Waters, Bull. Mar. Sci., 1985, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 529–537.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fukuyo, Y., Kittaka, J., and Hirano, R., Studies on the Cysts of Marine Dinoflagellates, 1: Protoperidinium minutum (Kofoid) Loeblich, Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 1977, vol. 24, pp. 11–18.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Giannakourou, A., Orlova, T.Y., Assimakopoulou, G., and Pagou, K., Thermaikos Gulf, Greece: Effects of Resuspension Events on Vertical Cyst Distribution, Continental Shelf Res., 2005, vol. 25, pp. 2585–2596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Godhe, A., Karunasagar, I., and Karlson, B., Dinoflagellate Cysts in Recent Marine Sediments from SW India, Bot. Mar., 2000, vol. 43, pp. 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Goodman, D.K., Dinoflagellate Cysts in Ancient and Modern Sediments, in The Biology of Dinoflagellates, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987, pp. 649–722.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Guillard, R.R.L. and Ryther, J.H., Studies of Marine Planktonic Diatoms, I: Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervaceae (Cleve) Gran., Can. J. Microbiol., 1962, vol. 8, pp. 229–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hallegraeff, G.M. and Bolch, C.J., Transport of Diatom and Dinoflagellate Resting Spores in Ships Ballast Water: Implications for Plankton Biogeography and Aquaculture, J. Plankton. Res., 1992, vol. 14, pp. 1067–1084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Harland, R., Distribution Map of Recent Dinoflagellate Cysts in Bottom Sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas, Palaeontology, 1983, vol. 26, pp. 321–387.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Head, M.J., Modern Dinoflagellate Cysts and Their Biological Affinities, in Palynology: Principles and Applications, American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1996, vol. 3, pp. 1197–1248.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ichimi, K., Yamasaki, M., and Suzuki, T., Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Cysts of Alexandrium spp. in the Sediments of the Northeast Coastal Area, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, Bull. Tohoku Nat. Fish. Res. Inst., 2000, vol. 63, pp. 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ishikawa, A. and Taniguchi, A., Some Cysts of the Genus Scrippsiella (Dinophyceae) Newly Found in Japanese Waters, Bull. Plankton. Soc. Japan, 1993, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Konovalova, G.V., Phytoplankton Blooms and Red Tides in the Far East Coastal Waters of the USSR, in Proc. of the 1st Int. Symp. Red Tides. Takamatsu, Nov. 1987, New York, 1989, pp. 97–100.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lentin, J.K. and Vozzhennikova, T.F., Fossil Dinoflagellates from the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene Deposits of the USSR—a Re-Study, AASP Contributions Ser., 1990, no. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lewis, J., Cyst-Theca Relationships in Scrippsiella (Dinophyceae) and Related Orthoperidinoid Genera, Bot. Mar., 1991, vol. 34, pp. 91–106.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lewis, J. and Dodge, J.D., The Cyst-Theca Relationship of Protoperidinium americanum (Gran & Braarud) Balech, J. Micropalaentol., 1987, vol. 6, pp. 113–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Lewis, J., Dodge, J.D., and Tett, P., Cyst-Theca Relationships in Some Protoperidinium Species (Peridiniales) from Scottish Sea Lochs, J. Micropalaeontol., 1984, no. 3, pp. 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mackenzie, L., White, D., Oshima, Y., and Kapa, J., The Resting Cyst and Toxicity of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) in New Zealand, Phycologia, 1996, vol. 35, pp. 148–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Matsuoka, K., Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts from Surface Sediments of Nagasaki Bay and Senzaki Bay, West Japan, Bull. Fac. Lib. Arts. Nagasaki Univ. Nat. Sci., 1985, vol. 25, pp. 21–115.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Matsuoka, K., Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts from Surface Sediments of Akkeshi Bay and Lake Saroma, North Japan, Bull. Fac. Lib. Arts. Nagasaki Univ. Nat. Sci., 1987, vol. 28, pp. 35–123.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Matsuoka, K., Cyst-Theca Relationships in the Diplopsalis Group (Peridinales, Dinophyceae), Rev. Paleobot. Palynol., 1988, vol. 56, pp. 95–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Matsuoka, K., Eutrophication Process Recorded in Dinoflagellate Cyst Assemblages-a Case of Yokohama Port, Tokyo Bay, Japan, Sci. Total Environ., 1999, vol. 231, pp. 17–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Matsuoka, K. and Bujak, J.P., Cenozoic Dinoflagellate Cysts from the Navarin Basin, Norton Sound and St. George Basin, Bering Sea, Bull. Fac. Lib. Arts. Nagasaki Univ. Nat. Sci., 1988, vol. 29, pp. 11–47.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Matsuoka, K., Kobayashi, S., and Gains, G., A New Species of the Genus Ensiculifera (Dinophyceae); Its Cyst and Motile Forms, Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan., 1990, vol. 37, pp. 127–143.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Montresor, M., Montesarchio, E., Marino, D., and Zingone, A., Calcareous Dinoflagellate Cysts in Marine Sediments of the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea), Rev. Paleobot. Palynol., 1994, vol. 84, pp. 45–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Nehring, S., Scrippsiella spp. Resting Cysts from the German Bight (North Sea): a Tool for More Complete Check-Lists of Dinoflagellates, Neth. J. Sea Res., 1994, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Nehring, S., Recruitment of Planktonic Dinoflagellates: Importance of Benthic Resting Cysts and Resuspension Events, Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol., 1996, vol. 81, pp. 513–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Nehring, S., Dinoflagellate Resting Cysts from Recent German Coastal Sediments, Bot. Mar., 1997, vol. 40, pp. 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Orlova, T.Y., Selina, M.S., Lilly, E.L., et al., Morphogenetic and Toxin Composition Variability of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae) from the East Coast of Russia, J. Phycol., 2007, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 534–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Orlova, T.Yu., Morozova, T.V., Gribble, K.E., et al., Dinoflagellate Cysts in Recent Marine Sediments from the East Coast of Russia, Bot. Mar., 2004, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 184–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Oshima, Y., Sugino, K., and Yasumoto, T., Latest Advances in HPLC Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins, in The 7th Int. IUPAC Symp. on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, New York: Elsevier, 1989, pp. 319–326.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Persson, A., Godhe, A., and Karlson, B., Dinoflagellate Cysts in Recent Sediments from the West Coast of Sweden, Bot. Mar., 2000, vol. 43, pp. 69–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Qi, Y.-Z., Ying, H., Lei, Zh., et al., Dinoflagellate Cysts from Recent Marine Sediments of the South and East China Seas, Asian Mar. Biol., 1996, vol. 13, pp. 87–103.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Radi, T., de Vernal, A., and Peyron, O., Relationships between Dinoflagellate Cyst Assemblages in Surface Sediment and Hydrographic Conditions in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, J. Quat. Sci., 2001, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 667–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Reid, P.C., Gonyaulacaceae Dinoflagellate Cysts from the British Isles, Nova Hedw., 1974, vol. 25, pp. 579–637.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Reigman, R., Nutrient Related Selection Mechanisms in Marine Phytoplankton Communities and the Impact of Eutrophication on the Planktonic Foodweb, Water Sci. Technol., 1995, vol. 32, pp. 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Satake, M., Ichimura, T., Sekiguchi, K., et al., Confirmation of Yessotoxin and 45,46,47-Trinoryessotoxin Production by Protoceratium reticulatum Collected in Japan, Nat. Toxins, 1999, vol. 7, pp. 147–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Satake, M., MacKenzie, L., and Yasumoto, T., Identification of Protoceratium reticulatum as the Biogenetic Origin of Yessotoxin, Nat. Toxins, 1997, vol. 5, pp. 164–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Shimizu, Y., Dinoflagellate Toxins, in The Biology of Dinoflagellates: Botanical Monographs, Boston: Blackwell, 1987, vol. 21, pp. 282–315.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Sonneman, J.A. and Hill, D.R.A., A Taxonomic Survey of Cyst-Producing Dinoflagellates from Recent Sediments of Victorian Coastal Waters, Australia, Bot. Mar., 1997, vol. 40, pp. 149–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Taylor, F.J.R. and Gaines, G., Dinoflagellate Cyst Morphology: an Analysis Based on Laboratory Observations of Encystment, in Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989, pp. 295–296.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Uchida, T., Matsuyama, Y., Yamaguchi, M., and Honjo, T., The Life Cycle of Gyrodinium instriatum (Dinophyceae) in Culture, Phycol. Res., 1996, vol. 44, pp. 119–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Wall, D. and Dale, B., Modern Dinoflagellate Cysts and Evolution of the Peridiniales, Micropaleontology, 1968, no. 14, pp. 265–304.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690059, Russia

    T. Yu. Orlova & T. V. Morozova

Authors
  1. T. Yu. Orlova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. V. Morozova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. V. Morozova.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © T.Yu. Orlova, T.V. Morozova, 2013, published in Biologiya Morya.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Orlova, T.Y., Morozova, T.V. Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments of the western coast of the Bering Sea. Russ J Mar Biol 39, 15–29 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074013010069

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074013010069

Keywords

Search

Navigation