Abstract
Spatially inhomogeneous structures (SIS) are important to realize the integrated optical devices transmitting and processing light signals. Nowadays, there are several methods used to create such structures with different characteristics and topologies. However, research on the methods of forming and modifying the characteristics of these structures continues to this day. In this work, we create and study SIS in a lithium niobate crystal surface-doped with copper ions. The results prove that SIS can be created by the point-by-point method using a continuous-wave frequency-doubled YAG:Nd3+ laser. The realized structures were formed as diffraсtion and waveguide optical elements with different characteristics and topologies. It is demonstrated that we can change the refractive index up to 10–3 by the point-by-point illumination of an X‑cut lithium niobate crystal during the structure formation. The properties of the fabricated structures were investigated by diffraction analysis, laser interferometry, and the optical probing method using He–Ne laser radiation. On the formed diffraction structures (DSs), the far-field diffraction patterns (DPs) show that the light power transfers from the incident radiation to first-order maxima. The first-order maxima intensity can exceed the intensity of the zero-order maximum up to several times. The near-field study after the excitation of waveguide structures (WSs) shows that they exhibit the properties of mode filters. The point-by-point method of forming SIS may be useful for creating integrated optical circuits and modifying the characteristics of optoelectronic and photonic devices.
REFERENCES
Bazzan, M. and Sada, C., Appl. Phys. Rev., 2015, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 040603. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4931601
Chen, F. and Vázquez de Aldana, J.R., Laser Photonics Rev., 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201300025
Xu, X., Wang, T., Chen, P., et al., Nature, 2022, vol. 609, 496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05042-z
Aparin, M.D., Baluyan, T.G., Sharipova, M.I., et al., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2023, vol. 87, no. 6, p. 710. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873823701976
Vitukhnovsky, A.G., Kolymagin, D.A., Gritsienko, A.V., et al., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2023, vol. 87, no. 11, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873823704452
Gubanov, V.A., Kruglyak, V.V., and Sadovnikov, A.V., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2023, vol. 87, no. 3, p. 362. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873822701246
Serov, Y.M., Galimov, A.I., and Toropov, A.A., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2023, vol. 87, no. 6, p. 776. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873823702258
Nikitin, P.A., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2023, vol. 87, no. 11, p. 1755. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873823704026
Kulchitsky, N.A., Naumov, A.V., and Startsev, V.V., Photonics Russ., 2022, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 22. https://doi.org/10.22184/1993-7296.FRos.2022.16.1.22.36
Vatnik, I.D., Gorbunov, O.A., and Churkin, D.V., JETP Lett., 2023, vol. 118, no. 5, p. 315. https://doi.org/10.31857/S1234567823170020
Liu, Y. and Yang, H., High-Speed Optical Transceivers. Integrated Circuits Designs and Optical Devices Techniques, Singapore: World Scientific, 2006.
Petrov, M.P., Stepanov, S.I., and Khomenko, A.V., Photorefractive Crystals in Coherent Optical Systems, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.
Volk, T. and Wöhlecke, M., Lithium Niobate: Defects, Photorefraction, and Ferroelectric Switching, Heidelberg: Springer, 2008.
Jia, Y. and Chen, F., APL Photonics, 2023, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 090901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0160067
Davydov, S.A., Trenikhin, P.A., Shandarov, V.M., Shandarova, K.V., Kip, D., Rueter, Ch., and Chen, F., Phys. Wave Phenom., 2010, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.3103/s1541308x10010012
Chen, Ch., Lu, Q., Akhmadaliev, Sh., and Zhou, Sh., Opt. Laser Technol., 2020, vol. 126, p. 106128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106128
Courjal, N., Bernal, M.-P., Caspar, A., et al., Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides and Microwaveguides, Emerging Waveguide Technology, London: InTech, 2018, chapter 8. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76798
Horn, W., Kroesen, S., Herrmann, J., Imbrock, J., and Denz, C., Opt. Express, 2012, vol. 20, no. 24, p. 26922. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.026922
Mambetova, K.M., Shandarov, S.M., Orlikov, L.N., Arestov, S.I., Smirnov, S.V., Serebrennikov, L.Ya., and Krakovskii, V.A., Opt. Spectrosc., 2019, vol. 126, no. 6, p. 781. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0030400X1906016X
Bezpaly A.D., Bykov V.I., and Mandel A.E., Optoelectron., Instrum., Data Process. 2022, vol. 58, p. 147. https://doi.org/10.3103/S8756699022020017
Voronov, V.V., Kuzminov, Yu.S., and Osiko, V.V., Sov. J. Quantum Electron., 1976, vol. 3, no. 10, p. 2101. https://doi.org/10.1070/QE1976v006n10ABEH011902
Bezpaly, A.D., Kapustin, V.V., and Mandel, A.E., Certificate of the State Registration of the Computer Program “Wavefront Visualizer” no. 2021661646, 2021.
Bezpaly, A.D. and Shandarov, V.M., KnE Eng., 2018, vol. 2018, p. 147. https://doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i4.2237
Funding
The work was carried out as a part of strategic academic leadership program “Priority 2030” (subproject Pr2030-Nauka SCH/SP1/B/8) and with the support of the Innovation Promotion Fund within the framework of the UMNIK program (project under contract no. 18233GU/2022).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note.
Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Bezpaly, A.D., Mandel, A.E. & Bykov, V.I. Spatially Inhomogeneous Structures in a Surface-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystal for Light Beam Transformation. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. 87 (Suppl 3), S356–S363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S106287382370569X
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S106287382370569X