Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Individual variation in the development of the common toad, Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae): 2. Diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton

  • Developmental Biology of Vertebrates
  • Published:
Russian Journal of Developmental Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Analysis of individual variation in diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton has been performed in all offspring (1633 ind.) from the same spawn of one pair of common toads under conditions of laboratory rearing, with natural elimination being reduced to a minimum. More than 50 skeletal anomalies have been recorded. Factual data are presented that characterize deviations from the species norm in the frequency of “background anomalies” (Kovalenko, 2003). Correlations between manifestations of different variants of character states are considered. The problem of norm and anomaly in individual variation is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Balakhonov, A.V., Oshibki razvitiya (Errors in Development), Leningrad: Izd. Leningr. Univ., 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkhvardt, V.G. and Kovalenko, E.E., Septal walls of embryos and larvae of Anamnia, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1986, vol. 287, no. 3, pp. 764–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaikovskii, Yu.V., Evolyutsiya. “Tsenologicheskie issledovaniya” (Evolution. Cenological Studies), Moscow: Tsentr Sist. Issled.-IIET RAN, 2003, vol. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabagyan, N.V. and Sleptsova, L.A., The common frog Rana temporaria L., in Ob’ekty biologii razvitiya (Objects of Developmental Biology), Moscow: Nauka, 1975, pp. 442–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubois, A., Anomalies and mutations in natural populations of the Rana “esculenta” complex (Amphibia, Anura), Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 1979, Bd. 55, no. 1, pp. 59–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duellman, W.E. and Trueb, L., Biology of Amphibians, New York: Mc Grow-Hill, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, Sh.B., The ilio-sacral articulation in frogs: form and function, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 1979, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 155–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estes, R. and Reig, O.A., The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence, in Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973, pp. 11–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. and Johnson, D.R., Growth of cartilage, in Cartilage, New York: Acad. Press, 1983, vol. 2, pp. 255–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Istoriya biologii, c drevneishikh vremen do nachala XX veka (The History of Biology, from Antiquity to the Beginning of the XX Century), Moscow: Nauka, 1972.

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Correlative changes in the spine of the common frog Rana temporaria, Zool. Zh., 1983, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 564–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Anomalii pozvonochnika beskhvostykh amfibii (Anomalies of the Spine of Anura), St. Petersburg: Izd. St.-Peterb. Univ., 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Analysis of variability of the sacrum in Anura. 1. The method of analysis of variability of the sacrum in anurans, Zool. Zh., 1996, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 52–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Structure of the sacral-urostyle part in the family Pipidae (Amphibia, Anura), Zool. Zh., 1999, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 57–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Variability of the postcranial skeleton in Anura, Extended Abstract of Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, St. Petersburg: ZAO Poznanie, 2000a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Mass limb abnormalities in Anura, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 2000b, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 412–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., An alternative to the Charles Darwin’s concept, in V teni darvinizma. Al’ternativnye teorii evolyutsii v XX veke (In the Shadow of Darwinism. Alternative Theories of Evolution in the Twentieth Century), Levit, G.S., Popov, I.Yu., Khossfel’d, U., Olsson, L., and Braidbakh, O., Eds., St. Petersburg: Yasnyi Den’, 2003a, pp. 192–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., The effect of normal state of a trait and its theoretical significance, Evolutionary Biology: History and Theory, 2003b, no. 2, pp. 66–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Variability of the sacrum in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis (Pipidae) in aberrant morphogenesis of limbs, Zool. Zh., 2007, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 66–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E., Properties of norm and variability, Russ. J. Dev. Biol., 2011, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 317–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E. and Danilevskaya, S.E., On unique forms of anomalous sacral structure in tailless amphibians, Russ. J. Herpetol., 1994, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E. and Danilov, I.G., Rare variants of anomalous structure of the spine in tailless amphibians, in Vestn. St. Petersb. Univ., 1994, Ser. 3, vol. 4, no. 17, pp. 10–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E. and Danilov, I.G., The diversity of the sacral-urostyle segment in the family Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura). 1. The actual diversity of the sacrum in bufonids, Zool. Zh., 2006a, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 500–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E. and Danilov, I.G., The diversity of the sacral-urostyle segment in the family Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura). 2. Analysis of diversity by the spectral method, Zool. Zh., 2006b, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 725–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalenko, E.E. and Kruzhkova, Yu.I., Anomalies of hind limbs of laboratory clawed frog Xenopus laevis (Anura, Pipidae). 2. Correlative changes in the pelvis and hind limbs, in Vestn. St. Peterb. Univ., 2000, Ser. 3, vol. 3, no. 19, pp. 9–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruzhkova, Yu.I., Structure and development of the lumbosacral segment of the spine in Hymenochirus boettgeri (Anura, Pipidae), in Voprosy gerpetologii. Materialy Tret’ego S”ezda Gerpetologicheskogo Obshchestva im. A.M. Nikol’skogo (Problems of Herpetology. Proc. Third Congress of the Nikolsky Herpetological Society), 2008a, pp. 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruzhkova, Yu.I., Structure, development, and variability of the sacral-pelvic complex of anurans (Amphibia, Anura), Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, St. Petersburg: Lema, 2008b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J.D., The transition from archaic to advanced frogs, in Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973, pp. 133–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madej, Z., Variations in the sacral region of the spine in Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bombina variegate (Linnaeus, 1758) (Salientia, Discoglossidae), Acta Biol. Cracoviensia, 1965, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 185–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazarov, V.I., Evolyutsiya ne po Darvinu: smena evolyutsionnoi modeli (Non-Darwinian Evolution: Change in the Evolutionary Model), Moscow: Kom Kniga, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neustroeva, N.S., Morphological variation in the skeleton of the genus Rana under conditions of anthropogenic destabilization of the environment, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Yekaterinburg: Izd. Inst. Ekonom. UrO RAN, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevo, E., Pipid frogs from the early cretaceous of Israel and pipid evolution, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1968, vol. 136, no. 8, pp. 255–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, G.K., The Biology of the Amphibia, New York, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugener, L.A. and Maglia, A.M., Skeletal morphogenesis of the vertebral column of the miniature hylid frog Acris crepitans, with comments on anomalies, J. Morphol., 2009, vol. 270, pp. 52–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritland, R.M., Studies on the post-cranial morphology of Ascaphus truei. I. Skeleton and spinal nerves, J. Morphol., 1955, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 119–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernander-Camacho, J.I., Osornophryne, genero nuevo de Anfibios bufonidos de Colombia y Ecuador, Caldasia, 1976, vol. 11, no. 54, pp. 93–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimkevich, V.M., Urodstva i proiskhozhdenie vidov (Ugliness and the Origin of Species), St. Petersburg: M.O.Wolf, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishkin, M.A. and Makridin, V.P., Paleopathological and paleoteratological studies, in Sovremennaya paleontologiya (Modern Paleontology), Moscow: Nedra, 1988, vol. 1, pp. 219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishkin, M.A., Individual development and the lessons of evolutionism, Russ. J. Dev. Biol., 2006, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 146–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, G.E., Skeletal abnormalities in chick embryos paralised with decamethonium, Aus. J. Zool., 1974, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 429–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trueb, L., Bones, frogs and evolution, Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans, Columbia, Missouri, 1973, pp. 65–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vershinin, V.L., Data on the growth and development of amphibians in a large city, in Ekologicheskie aspekty skorosti rosta i razvitiya zhivotnykh (Environmental Aspects of Growth and Development of Animals), Sverdlovsk, 1985, pp. 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vershinin, V.L., Morphological abnormalities of amphibians under urban conditions, Ekologiya, 1989, no. 3, pp. 58–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voitkevich, A.A., Symmetrical disturbances of hind limb anlages of the frog, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1963, vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 1479–1482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorontsov, N.N., Razvitie evolyutsionnykh idei v biologii (Development of Evolutionary Ideas in Biology), Moscow: KMK, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.M., Musculoskeletal development: a review, Phys. Ther., 1991, vol. 71, pp. 878–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wassersug, R.J.A., Procedure for differential staining of cartilage and bone in whole formalin-fixed vertebrates, Stain Technol., 1976, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 131–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia

    E. E. Kovalenko

  2. Herzen State Pedagogical University, nab. reki Moiki 48, St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia

    Yu. I. Kruzhkova

Authors
  1. E. E. Kovalenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu. I. Kruzhkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. E. Kovalenko.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © E.E. Kovalenko, Yu.I. Kruzhkova, 2013, published in Ontogenez, 2013, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 249–264.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kovalenko, E.E., Kruzhkova, Y.I. Individual variation in the development of the common toad, Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae): 2. Diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton. Russ J Dev Biol 44, 180–193 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360413040048

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360413040048

Keywords

Search

Navigation