Abstract
Parameters of development have been analyzed in all offspring (1633 ind.) from the same spawn of one pair of common toads under conditions of laboratory rearing, with natural elimination being reduced to a minimum. The results show that the range of developmental options for the species is much wider than it follows from the standard tables of development. “Background anomalies” (Kovalenko, 2003) in the external structure of developing larvae are described, and their probable frequencies under nearly optimal conditions are indicated.
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Original Russian Text © E.E. Kovalenko, Yu.I. Kruzhkova, 2013, published in Ontogenez, 2013, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 240–248.
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Kovalenko, E.E., Kruzhkova, Y.I. Individual variation in the development of the common toad, Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae): 1. Timing of development and anomalies of external structure. Russ J Dev Biol 44, 173–179 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360413040036
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360413040036