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Migrations of the Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo, Gruiformes): Remote Tracking along Flyways and at Wintering Grounds

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Abstract

In the years 2017–2020, 104 young or adult Demoiselle Cranes (Anthropoides virgo) were tracked with GPS-GSM transmitters in Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Eight flyways from different parts of the Demoiselle Crane distribution range were specified, with key areas for each flyway identified. In the European part of the range, cranes from different breeding groups followed two flyways using the same route in the fall and spring. The Azov–Black Sea breeding group wintered in Chad, while the Caspian, Volga–Ural, and Cis-Ural breeding groups spent winters in Sudan. Demoiselle Cranes from the Asian part of the range excluding the Trans-Urals carried out a circular migration. In the fall, they used six main flyways to northwestern India arriving there from the north, northeast, and east. In the spring, they flew firstly in a narrow front to the western tip of the Tien Shan Mountains, and then flew out like a fan to the north, northeast, and east. At wintering grounds and summer gatherings, gene flow can occur between cranes of different breeding groups. The migration period consisted of two stages: trophic, when cranes accumulate energy resources, and transit, when they make a long active flight without replenishing energy reserves. Fall migration took place over a short time. With migration route lengths totaling 2170 to 5600 km, the distance of the transit migration varied from 1900 to 4600 km, and their duration lasted from seven to 13 days. This is obviously a period that the Demoiselle Crane is capable of overcoming without essential replenishment of the energy costs, due to the resources accumulated before starting the transit migration. The spring migration of adults was more extended, with shorter daily flights and a longer rest at transit migratory stopovers, this probably being necessary to save energy before the breeding period. Some young cranes returned to their places of birth with their parents in the spring, while others made a transit flight to the first places of a long trophic migratory stopovers located in the southern part of the steppe zone. Some of them spend the whole summer in these territories, while others gradually move to their birthplaces, arriving 1–1.5 months later than adults do. Some young birds visit their birthplaces only after the second winter. Young birds from Transbaikalia and probably from the Altai and Khakassia made two transit flights with a long rest approximately in the middle of the flyway.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to A.Zh. Abaev, P.V. Aksenov, I.P. Aryulina, Yu.V. Babichev, S.B. Bal’zhimaeva, A.Ya. Bondarev, A.I. Bronskov, A.G. Grin’ko, R.A. Datsenko, T.A. Datsenko, G.S. Dzhamirzoev, S.Kh. Zaripova, V.G. Kalmykov, G.A. Kalmykova, L.V. Korshikov, S.Yu. Kostin, V.A. Koshelev, V.M. Mikhailovskii, G.N. Moskov, E. Myrzabekov, A.S. Nazin, I.S. Naidanov, S.L. Popov, T.V. Selezneva, A.I. Urusova, A.N. Filimonov, R.N. Chernichko, and V.V. Shurkina for help in finding nesting pairs and catching Demoiselle Cranes; R.V. Bakhtin, A.V. Davygora, A.A. Isabekov, F.A. Saraev, V.N. Fedosov, and A.L. Ebel’ for providing information about the encounters of nesting pairs; Yu.A. Arylov, N. Batbayar, P.I. Gorlov, E.A. Eremenko, K.M. Kuniev, I.V. Sannikova, and employees of the Dagestanskiy, Daurskiy, Chernye Zemli, and Khakasskiy State Natural Reserves for their assistance in field work. We are grateful to the University of Konstanz and the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (Germany) and personally to W. Fiedler, B. Fornweg, and G. Heine for providing GPS-GSM transmitters and to I.V. Pokrovskii for preparing the permits for the use of the transmitters. We thank N. Batbayar for assistance in obtaining transmitters for tagging Demoiselle and Eurasian Cranes in Kazakhstan. We are especially grateful to A.V. Varshavsky for preparing the maps.

Funding

The work in Russia was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 17-04-01287 “Population Genetic Structure of Demoiselle and White-Naped Cranes: Geographical Distribution of Variation and Levels of Differentiation by Nuclear and Mitochondrial Markers”); the project of the Russian Geographical Society (RGO) “Remote Tracking of South Russian Populations of the Demoiselle Crane: A “Flag” Species for the Preservation of Biodiversity of the Russian Steppes”; and a joint project of the Russian Geographical Society and JSC RusHydro “The Demoiselle Crane in Khakassia: Preservation of Key Habitats on Nesting Sites and Migratory Routes.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia

    E. I. Ilyashenko & V. Yu. Ilyashenko

  2. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    E. A. Mudrik & D. V. Politov

  3. Azov–Black Sea Ornithological Station, Shmalgauzen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 72312, Melitopol, Ukraine

    Yu. A. Andryushchenko

  4. Ivanovskii Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, South Federal University, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

    V. P. Belik

  5. Max Plank Institute of Animal Behavior, 04103, Radolfzell, Germany

    M. Wikelski

  6. Institute of Zoology MSK, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    O. V. Belyalov & A. E. Gavrilov

  7. Daurskii State Nature Biosphere Reserve, 674495, Nizhny Tsasuchei, Transbaikalia, Russia

    O. A. Goroshko

  8. Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 672014, Chita, Transbaikalia, Russia

    O. A. Goroshko

  9. Volga–Akhtuba Floodplain Nature Park, 404147, Volzhsk, Volgograd region, Russia

    E. V. Guguyeva

  10. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, 432700, Ulyanovsk, Russia

    M. V. Korepov

  11. “North Caucasus” Regional Branch of the World Wildlife Fund, 350020, Krasnodar, Russia

    R. A. Mnatsekanov

  12. Oka State Nature Biosphere Reserve, 391071, Brykin Bor, Ryazan region, Russia

    K. A. Postelnykh

  13. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 38400, Beijing, China

    Cao Lei

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  1. E. I. Ilyashenko
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  2. E. A. Mudrik
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  3. Yu. A. Andryushchenko
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  5. O. V. Belyalov
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  9. E. V. Guguyeva
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  13. K. A. Postelnykh
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  14. Cao Lei
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  15. V. Yu. Ilyashenko
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to E. I. Ilyashenko, E. A. Mudrik, Yu. A. Andryushchenko, V. P. Belik, M. Wikelski, A. E. Gavrilov, O. A. Goroshko, E. V. Guguyeva, M. V. Korepov, R. A. Mnatsekanov, D. V. Politov, K. A. Postelnykh, Cao Lei or V. Yu. Ilyashenko.

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Conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Statement on the welfare of animals. Capturing and tagging were carried out with the permission of the relevant state environmental authorities.

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Translated by N. Smolina

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Ilyashenko, E.I., Mudrik, E.A., Andryushchenko, Y.A. et al. Migrations of the Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo, Gruiformes): Remote Tracking along Flyways and at Wintering Grounds. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 49, 863–888 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359022070068

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