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Fluctuating Asymmetry and Morphogenetic Correlations of the Masticatory Surface Patterns of m1 in Gray Voles (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)

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Abstract

We analyzed the relationships between the modularity and integration of the morphotypic variability of the first lower molar (m1) in gray voles, Microtus s. l., based on fluctuating asymmetry data. In total, 5500 pairs of masticatory surface outlines of the left and right first lower molar m1 were studied. Fifty-seven different morphotypes and 229 of their various combinations were identified. The morphotypes were grouped in a contingency table. The frequencies of morphotypes symmetric with respect to the main diagonal in the table were averaged in order to identify the fluctuating asymmetry. Table rows were normalized for the sum; i.e., the frequencies of the occurrence of each morphotype in a pair with all morphotypes including its own were calculated. A matrix of Cavalli-Sforza–Edwards distances between rows in this table was calculated, and Ward’s cluster analysis was applied. Cluster analysis showed the existence of five clusters differing in the degree of morphotype complexity. Clusters of the morphotypes corresponded to the species group of gray voles. The distances between the morphotypes inside the clusters were lower than the intercluster distances, indicating the presence of modularity in the system. The modules were formed by ontogenetic similarity as they were obtained from the data on the fluctuating asymmetry of morphotypes. The molar m1 morphological structure had its own modular structure consisting of two submodules corresponding to the morphogenetic mechanism of its complication.

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Notes

  1. For the East European vole, we studied the material stored only in the Siberian Zoological Museum, collected in natural habitats in three places: Gornyi Altai, Ongudai district (1974); Gornyi Altai, Chemal district, Iolgo Ridge (1974); Kemerovo oblast, Kemerovo district, Rudnichnyi pinewood (1997). According to the karyotyped samples, the distribution of the common vole in the Trans-Urals covers the territory to the east up to the Tomsk–Novosibirsk–Ongudai–Mongolian Altai line (Malygin, 1983). According to the data currently available, the East European vole lives east of this line (Moroldoev et al., 2017; Moroldoev and Kartavtseva, 2017), including the vicinity of Novosibirsk (Yakimenko and Kryukov, 1997). In Europe, in the cohabitation zone of sibling species, the East European vole prefers wetter and more closed habitats (Okulova et al., 2008; Baskevich et al., 2012). In the Chemal district of Altai, this vole was caught in the following biotopes: coniferous forest in a river valley, dry birch woodland and low-lying swampy meadow, and in Ongudai district, in a swampy forest, a deciduous forest, and a mountain meadow (Yudin et al., 1977), i.e., in biotopes uncharacteristic for the common vole. Considering the above, there is reason to believe that the material studied by us belongs to the East European vole. Therefore, the material analyzed earlier (Pozdnyakov, 2011) should be identified as belonging not to the common, but to the East European vole.

  2. The contingency tables for the m1 and M3 morphotypes of the root vole are given in the work of Kovaleva et al. (2002), and for the m1 morphotypes of ten gray vole species are given in an additional file to the article by Kovaleva et al. (2019: https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/rt/metadata/9290/0).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors sincerely thank the unknown referee, whose persistent efforts have contributed to bringing the article to a form more understandable for the reader.

Funding

This study was supported by the Program of Basic Scientific Research (BSR) of the State Academies of Sciences for 2013–2020, project no. VI.51.1.4. (AAAA-A16-116121410119-4), including material from the collection of the Siberian Zoological Museum, Novosibirsk, and the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, supported by the program of bioresource collections of the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations of Russia AAAA-A17-117101070002-6. Statistical data analysis (BME) was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 19-07-00658-a.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of the Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Novosibirsk, Russia

    V. Yu. Kovaleva, A. A. Pozdnyakov, Yu. N. Litvinov & V. M. Efimov

  2. Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia

    V. M. Efimov

  3. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

    V. M. Efimov

  4. Novosibirsk National Research State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

    V. M. Efimov

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  1. V. Yu. Kovaleva
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  2. A. A. Pozdnyakov
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  3. Yu. N. Litvinov
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  4. V. M. Efimov
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Correspondence to V. Yu. Kovaleva.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.

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Translated by N. Smolina

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Kovaleva, V.Y., Pozdnyakov, A.A., Litvinov, Y.N. et al. Fluctuating Asymmetry and Morphogenetic Correlations of the Masticatory Surface Patterns of m1 in Gray Voles (Rodentia, Arvicolinae). Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 48, 1609–1622 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021090119

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021090119

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