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Faunal Exchanges between the Basins of the Arctic Ocean and the Caspian Sea: Their History and Current Processes

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Abstract—

The faunal, molecular, and palaeogeographic data that make it possible to discuss where and when aquatic animals could have crossed the watershed divide between the basins of the Caspian Sea and the Arctic Ocean are discussed. The freshwater fauna of Europe and northern Asia were largely similar in the Pliocene, while Pliocene fauna in Siberia went almost totally extinct during the Pleistocene glaciations. In interglacial periods, cold-water freshwater organisms colonized the Volga River basin, most likely during dispersal events from the basins of the Pechora and Ob’ rivers. Marine animals might have found their way into the Caspian Sea with saline waters arriving from the Arctic Ocean in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene epochs. There was probably no possibility to cross the watershed divide during the last glacial period. After this period had ended, freshwater organisms, including mostly warm-water groups, entered the basins of the Onega, Northern Dvina, and Ob’ rivers as the watershed divide shifted to another location. Similar expansions currently take place due to human-mediated introduction and dispersal events through the channels connecting the Volga and Northern Dvina river basins.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We dedicate this article to the memory of the outstanding zoogeographer N.N. Smirnov, with whom we were fortunate enough to discuss some of the problems considered in this work.

We are also grateful for interesting discussions and important information to V.S. Artamonova, V.D. Bogdanov, E.A. Borovikova, Yu.Yu. Dgebuadze, S.P. Kitaev, L.A. Kuderskii, N.S. Mugue, V.Ya. Pervozvanskii, Yu.S. Reshetnikov, V.N. Yakovlev, and R. Väinölä.

Funding

This article was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 19-14-00066.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia

    A. A. Makhrov

  2. Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    A. A. Makhrov, M. V. Vinarski & I. N. Bolotov

  3. N.P. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia

    M. Yu. Gofarov, G. A. Dvoryankin, A. P. Novoselov & I. N. Bolotov

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Correspondence to A. A. Makhrov, M. V. Vinarski, M. Yu. Gofarov, G. A. Dvoryankin, A. P. Novoselov or I. N. Bolotov.

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Makhrov, A.A., Vinarski, M.V., Gofarov, M.Y. et al. Faunal Exchanges between the Basins of the Arctic Ocean and the Caspian Sea: Their History and Current Processes. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 48, 892–906 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021070190

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