Abstract
The dynamics of phenolic compounds, flavonols, catechines, tannins, and soluble sugars in the leaves of the silver birch Betula pendula Roth after strong (75%) and total (100%) artificial defoliation was studied. It was shown that the flavonol content in the leaves did not change after strong and total defoliation, while the amount of tannins did not change during the first 15 days but increased later on 1 and 2 years after 75% and 100% defoliation. The catechine content did not change during the first 15 days and increased later on 1 year after strong and total defoliation; however, it returned to the level of control plants 2 years after both types of defoliations. The amount of soluble sugars in the leaves increased 2 days after 75% defoliation; however, their content conformed to that in control plants after 10 days and it remained later 1 and 2 years after the damage. The amount of soluble sugars in the leaves also did not change 1 year after 100% defoliation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad, S. and Pardini, R.S., Mechanisms for Regulating Oxygen Toxicity in Phytophagous Insects, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1990, vol. 8, pp. 401–413.
Bakhvalov, S.A., Bakhvalova, V.N., Morozova, O.V., and Martemyanov, V.V., Response of the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) to Artificial and Natural Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Defoliation, Evraz. Entomol. Zh., 2006, vol. 5, pp. 347–352.
Bakhvalov, S.A., Il’inykh, A.V., Zhimerikin, V.N., and Martemyanov, V.V., Dynamics of Abundance of the Nun Moth (Lymantria monacha L.) and Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Lymantriidae, Lepidortera): The Role of Food Resources and Viral Infection, Evraz. Entomol. Zh., 2002, vol. 1, pp. 101–108.
Baldwin, I.T., Zhang, Z-P., Diab, N., et al., Quantification, Correlations and Manipulations of Wound-Induced Changes in Jasmonic Acid and Nicotine in Nicotiana Sylvestris, Planta, 1997, vol. 201, pp. 397–404.
Battisti, A., Host-Plant Relationships and Population Dynamics of the Pine Processionary Caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis, Schiffermuller), Z. Angew. Entomol., 1988, vol. 105, pp. 393–402.
Belikov, V.V. and Shraiber, M.S., Methods of Analysis of Flavonoid Compounds, Farmatsiya, 1970, no. 1, pp. 66–72.
Belyaev, O.V., Bakhvalov, S.A., and Martemyanov, V.V., Gypsy Moth Monitoring in Novosibirsk Oblast, Zashchita Karantin Rast., 2005, no. 4, p. 43.
Bernays, E.A. and Chapman, R.F., Plant Secondary Compounds and Grasshoppers: Beyond Plant Defenses, J. Chem. Ecol., 2000, vol. 26, pp. 1773–1794.
Crone, E.E. and Jones, C.G., The Dynamics of Carbon-Nutrient Balance: Effects of Cottonwood to Short — and Long Term Shade on Beetle Feeding Preferences, J. Chem. Ecol., 1999, vol. 25, pp. 635–656.
Cunningham, C., Brown, K.W., Payne, N.J., et al., Aerial Spray Trials in 1992 and 1993 against Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), using Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus with and without an Optical Brightener Compared to Bacillus thuringiensis, Crop. Protect., 1997, vol. 16, pp. 15–23.
Dillon, R.J. and Charnley, A.K., Chemical Barriers to Gut Infection in the Desert Locust: In Vivo Production of Antimicrobial Phenol Associated with the Bacterium Pantoea agglomerans, J. Invert. Pathol., 1995, vol. 66, pp. 72–75.
Elkinton, J.S., Population Dynamics of Gypsy Moth in North America, Ann. Rev. Entomol., 1990, vol. 35, pp. 517–596.
Ermakov, A.I., Methody biokhimicheskogo issledovaniya rastenii (Methods in Plant Biochemistry), Leningrad: Agropromizdat, 1987.
Feeny, P.P., Effect of Oak Leaf Tannins on Larval Growth of the Winter Moth Operophtera brumata, J. Insect Physiol., 1968, vol. 14, pp. 805–817.
Furuta, K., Natural Control of Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) Population at Low Density Levels in Hokkaido (Japan), Z. Angew. Entomol., 1982, vol. 93, pp. 513–522.
Harrison, S., Persistent, Localized Outbreaks in the Western Tussock Moth Orgyia vetusta: The Roles of Resource Quality, Predation and Poor Dispersal, Ecol. Entomol., 1997, vol. 22, pp. 158–166.
Haukioja, E., Induction of Defense in Trees, Ann. Rev. Entomol., 1991, vol. 36, pp. 25–42.
Haukioja, E., Plant Defenses and Population Fluctuations of Forest Defoliators: Mechanism-Based Scenarios, Ann. Zool. Fennici, 2005, vol. 42, pp. 313–325.
Ivashchenko, L.S., The Role of Plants in Interaction with Plants, in Mater. vseros. s”ezda po zashchite rastenii (Proc. All-Russia Congr. on Plant Protection), St. Petersburg, 1995, pp. 198–199.
Kahl, J., Siemens, D.H., Aerts, R.J., et al., Herbivore-Induced Ethylene Suppresses a Direct Defense but Not a Putative Indirect Defense against an Adapted Herbivore, Planta, 2000, vol. 210, pp. 336–342.
Kaitaniemi, P., Ruohomaki, K., Ossipov, V., et al., Delayed Induced Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Host Plant Leaves during an Insect Outbreak, Oecologia, 1998, vol. 116, pp. 182–190.
Koltunov, E.V., Ekologiya neparnogo shelkopryada v lesakh Evrazii (Gypsy Moth Ecology in Eurasian Forests), Yekaterinburg: Izd. Ural. Otd. Ros. Akad. Nauk, 2006.
Korth, K.L. and Dixon, R.A., Evidence for Chewing Insect-Specific Molecular Events Distinct from a General Wound Response in Leaves, Plant Physiol., 1997, vol. 115, pp. 1299–1305.
Kukushkina, T.A., Zykov, A.A., and Obukhova, L.A., Topical Problems in Designing New Drugs of Natural Origin, in Mater. VII mezhdunar. s”ezda (Proceedings of VII Int. Congr.), St. Petersburg, 2003, pp. 64–69.
Martemyanov, V.V. and Bakhvalov, S.A., Ecological Interactions in the Triotroph System and Their Effect on the Development and Population Dynamics of Forest Phyllophages, Evraz. Entomol. Zh., 2007, vol. 6, pp. 205–221.
McMillin, J.D. and Wagner, M.R., Chronic Defoliation Impacts Pine Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Performance and Host Plant Quality, Oikos, 1997, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 357–362.
Muzatova, O.V., Insect Response to the Flavonoid Content in Fodder Plants, Vestn. NAN Belorusi, 2000, no. 4, pp. 93–96.
Osier, T.L. and Lindroth, R.L., Effects of Genotype, Nutrient Availability and Defoliation on Aspen Phytochemistry and Insect Performance, J. Chem. Ecol., 2001, vol. 27, pp. 1289–1313.
Osier, T.L. and Lindroth, R.L., Long-Term Effects of Defoliation on Quaking Aspen in Relation to Genotype and Nutrient Availability: Plant Growth, Phytochemistry and Insect Performance, Oecologia, 2004, vol. 139, pp. 55–65.
Ossipov, V., Haukioja, E., Ossipova, S., et al., Phenolic and Phenolic Related Factors as Determinants of Suitability of Mountain Birch Leaves to an Herbivorous Insect, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2001, vol. 29, pp. 223–230.
Podgwaite, J.D., Reardon, R.C., Walton, G.S., et al., Effects of Aerially Applied Gypchek on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Populations in Maryland Woodlots, J. Econ. Entomol., 1992, vol. 85, pp. 1136–1139.
Ruuhola, T., Salminen, J.-P., Haviola, S., et al., Immunological Memory of Mountain Birches: The Effects of Phenolics on the Performance of the Autumnal Moth Depend on the Herbivory History of Trees, J. Chem. Ecol., 2007, vol. 33, pp. 1160–1176.
Schoonhoven, L.M., Jermy, T., and van Loon, J.J.A., Insect-Plant Biology, London: Chapman Hall, 1998.
Shapiro, M., Robertson, J.L., and Webb, R.E., Effect of Nemm Seed Extract Upon the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) and Its Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, J. Econ. Entomol., 1994, vol. 87, pp. 356–360.
Shul’ts, E.E., Bakhvalov, S.A., Martemyanov, V.V., et al., Effects of Natural and Artificial Defoliation on the Content and Composition of Extractive Substances in Birch Leaves, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 2005, vol. 41, pp. 94–98.
Shul’ts, E.E., Bakhvalov, S.A., Martemyanov, V.V., et al., Effect of Natural and Artificial Defoliation on Concentration and Composition of Extractive Substances in Leaves of Birch (Betula pendula Roth.): Methods of Analysis and Results, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2004, vol. 394, pp. 551–554.
Treutter, D., Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds and Its Regulation in Apple, Plant Growth Regul., 2001, vol. 34, pp. 71–89.
Watt, A.D., Leather, S.R., and Forrest, G.I., The Effect of Previous Defoliation of Pole-Stage Lodgepole Pine on Plant Chemistry and on the Growth and Survival of Pine Beauty Moth (Panolis flammea) Larvae, Oecologia, 1991, vol. 86, pp. 31–35.
Willis, A.J., Thomas, M.B., and Lawton, J.H., Is the Increased Vigour of Invasive Weeds Explained by a Trade-Off between Growth and Herbivore Resistance?, Oecologia, 1999, vol. 120, pp. 632–640.
Zaprometov, M.N., Fenol’nye soedineniya (Phenolic Compounds), Moscow: Nauka, 1993.
Zaprometov, M.N., Osnovy biokhimii fenol’nykh soedinenii (Principles of Biochemistry of Phenolic Compounds), Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
Zvereva, E.L., Kozlov, M.V., Niemela, P., and Haukioja, E., Delayed Induced Resistance and Increase in Leaf Fluctuating Asymmetry as Responses of Salix borealis to Insect Herbivory, Oecologia, 1997, vol. 109, pp. 368–373.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © S.A. Bakhvalov, V.V. Martemyanov, T.A. Kukushkina, G.I. Vysochina, 2009, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2009, No. 5, pp. 536–542.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bakhvalov, S.A., Martemyanov, V.V., Kukushkina, T.A. et al. The dynamics of phenolic compounds and soluble sugars in the leaves of the silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) after defoliation and their significance in entomological plant resistance. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 36, 449–454 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359009050045
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359009050045