Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Circular Eddy Current Probe Using Miniature Fluxgates for Multi-Orientation Slit Evaluation in Steel Components

  • ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS
  • Published:
Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Detection of crack propagation, such as its direction and depth, is one of the important aspects in ensuring the safety and reliability of steel structures. This study presents a development of a circular eddy current excitation probe using a planar differential miniature fluxgate to detect vertical and horizontal slits. The probe utilizes a circular eddy current excitation technique that induces multi-direction eddy currents in a mild steel plate and a sensing configuration based on the tangential magnetic response. The performances of the developed probe were characterized based on line and 2D map scans of the magnetic response due to the induced eddy currents in mild-steel samples from different orientations and depths of artificial slits. The results showed that the developed probe obtained a signal correlation with the slit depth at different slit orientations. The vertical and horizontal slits were able to be visualized from the magnetic field distribution, where the differential imaginary component had a better detection sensitivity for the vertical slits represented by the measured peak-to-peak signals. The detection of multi-orientation slits revealed that the slit orientation could be estimated from the magnetic response maps with a detection limit of 5 mm in the slit length and 0.5 mm in the slit width, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.

REFERENCES

  1. García-Martín, J., Gómez-Gil, J., and Vázquez-Sánchez, E., Nondestructive techniques based on eddy current testing, Sensors, 2011, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 2525–2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tsukada, K., Hayashi, M., Nakamura, Y., Sakai, K., and Kiwa, T., Small eddy current testing sensor probe using a tunneling magnetoresistance sensor to detect cracks in steel structures, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2018, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2018.2845864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Xu, P. and Shida, K., Eddy current testing probe composed of double uneven step distributing planar coils for crack detection, IEEJ Trans. Sens. Micromach., 2008, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.128.18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kiselev, E.K. and Gol’dshtein, A.E., Eddy-current system for testing inner diameter of pipes, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830919030069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Nadzri, N.A., Development of eddy current testing system for welding inspection, 2018 9th IEEE Control Syst. Grad. Res. Colloq., 2018, pp. 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSGRC.2018.8657511

  6. Feng Jiang, Liu, S., and Xin, S., Influences of excitation current frequency and amplitude on corrosion evaluation based on analytical model for surface magnetic field, Russ. J. Nondestruct. Test., 2020, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 668–680. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830920080057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mardaninejad, R. and Safizadeh, M.S., Gas pipeline corrosion mapping through coating using pulsed eddy current technique, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2019, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 858–867. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830919110068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sasayama, T., Ishida, T., Matsuo, M., and Enpuku, K., Thickness measurement of an iron plate using low-frequency eddy current testing with an HTS coil, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2016, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2016.2535366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Repelianto, A.S. and Kasai, N., The improvement of flaw detection by the configuration of uniform eddy current probes, Sensors (Switzerland), 2019, vol. 19, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020397

  10. Saari, M.M., Nadzri, N.A., Zaini, M.A.H.P., Ramlan, N.H., and Tsukada, K., A low-frequency eddy current probe based on miniature fluxgate array for defect evaluation in steel components, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2021, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2021.3076441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zaini, M.A.H.P., Saari, M.M., Nadzri, N.A.I., Aziz, Z., Ramlan, N.H., and Tsukada, K., Extraction of flux leakage and eddy current signals induced by submillimeter backside slits on carbon steel plate using a low-field AMR differential magnetic probe, IEEE Access, 2021, vol. 9, pp. 146755–146770. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3123421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pavlyuchenko, V.V. and Doroshevich, E.S., Detecting extended complex-shaped defects in electroconductive plates using a magnetic carrier, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830919030094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Saari, M.M., et al., Design of eddy current testing probe for surface defect evaluation, Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng., 2019, vol. 16, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.1.2019.19.0481

  14. Yoshimura, W., Sasayama, T., and Enpuku, K., Optimal frequency of low-frequency eddy-current testing for detecting defects on the backside of thick steel plates, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2019, vol. PP, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2019.2896590

  15. Vyhnanek, J. and Ripka, P., Experimental comparison of the low-frequency noise of small-size magnetic sensors, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2017, vol. 53, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2016.2633398

  16. Shleenkov, A.S., Bulychev, O.A., Shleenkov, S.A., and Novgorodov, D.V., Features and advantages of applying anisotropic magnetoresistive field sensors to testing the full volume of small- and medium-diameter pipes, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2020, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830920050083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Postolache, O., Ramos, H.G., and Ribeiro, A.L., Computer standards and interfaces detection and characterization of defects using GMR probes and artificial neural networks, Comput. Stand. Interfaces, 2011, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2010.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Carr, C., Graham, D., Macfarlane, J.C., and Donaldson, G.B., HTS SQUIDs for the nondestructive evaluation of composite structures, Supercond. Sci. Technol., 2003, vol. 1387.

  19. Hatsukade, Y. and Tanaka, S., Mobile NDE system utilizing robust HTS-SQUID magnetometer for use in unshielded environments, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2016, vol. 26, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2015.2512845

  20. Xu, Z., Wang, X., and Deng, Y., Rotating focused field eddy-current sensing for arbitrary orientation defects detection in carbon steel, Sensors (Switzerland), 2020, vol. 20, no. 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082345

  21. Chang, Y., Jiao, J., Li, G., Liu, X., He, C., and Wu, B., Effects of excitation system on the performance of magnetic-flux-leakage-type non-destructive testing, Sensors Actuators A Phys., 2017, vol. 268, pp. 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.08.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia under grant no. FRGS/1/2022/TK07/UMP/02/9 and the Research Management Center of Universiti Malaysia Pahang under International Publication Grant no. RDU223315.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600, Pahang, Malaysia

    Mohd Mawardi Saari, Nurul A’in Nadzri, Mohd Aufa Hadi Putera Zaini & Mohd Herwan Sulaiman

  2. Center for Advanced Industrial Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600, Pahang, Malaysia

    Mohd Mawardi Saari

  3. Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan

    Toshihiko Kiwa

Authors
  1. Mohd Mawardi Saari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nurul A’in Nadzri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohd Aufa Hadi Putera Zaini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohd Herwan Sulaiman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Toshihiko Kiwa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohd Mawardi Saari.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saari, M.M., Nadzri, N.A., Zaini, M.A. et al. A Circular Eddy Current Probe Using Miniature Fluxgates for Multi-Orientation Slit Evaluation in Steel Components. Russ J Nondestruct Test 59, 902–914 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830923600417

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830923600417

Keywords:

Search

Navigation