Abstract
A mathematical model has been developed for digital radiographic imaging of large-sized objects. The model takes account of scanning time, the parameters of source and recorder of bremsstrahlung due to the test object, and geometrical scanning scheme. A high-performance algorithm is proposed for the numerical modeling of digital radiographic images. The algorithm has allowed producing realistic images of large-sized stepped and wedge-shaped test objects and test objects typical of pipeline transport. The rationale for selecting the scanning time and the digit capacity of an analog-to-digital converter is demonstrated. Numerical simulation of radiographic images is shown to provide a basis for the correct choice of the parameters of digital radiography systems as applied to testing large objects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Clayton, J.E., Virshup, G., and Davis, A., Enhanced image capabilities for industrial radiography applications using megavoltage x-ray sources and digital flat panels, Health Monit. Struct. Biol. Syst. 2008, Int. Soc. Opt. Photonics, 2008, vol. 6935, article no. 69351D.
Estre, N., Eck, D., Pettier, J.L., Payan, E., Roure, C., and Simon, E., High-energy X-ray imaging applied to nondestructive characterization of large nuclear waste drums, in Adv. Nucl. Instrum. Meas. Methods Their Appl. (ANIMMA), 2013 3rd Int. IEEE Conf., 2013, pp. 1–6.
Remakanthan, S., Moideenkutty, K.K., Gunasekaran, R., Thomas, C., and Thomas, C.R., Analysis of defects in solid rocket motors using X-Ray radiography, E-J. Nondestr. Test., 2015, vol. 20, pp. 6.1–6.8.
Martz, H.E., Logan, C.M., Schneberk, D.J., and Shull, P.J., X-Ray Imaging: Fundamentals, Industrial Techniques and Applications, London: CRC Press, 2016.
Hamm R.W., Industrial Accelerators and Their Applications, Hamm, M.E., Ed., London: World Scientific, 2012.
Manoir industries. Quality control. URL: http://www.manoir-industries.com/site/en/ref/Quality-Control_57.html
Kozlov, S.G., Kuropatkin, Y.P., Nizhegorodtsev, V.I., Savchenko, K.V., Selemir, V.D., Urlin, E.V., and Shamro, O.A., Mobile x-ray complex based on ironless pulsed betatrons. X-ray complex conception for small-angle tomography, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, vol. 199, no. 1, article no. 012116.
Ghose, B., Mall, V., Dhere, B., and Kankane, D., Digital radiography of solid rocket propellant with 4-Mev linac x-ray using computer radiography (CR) system, Natl. Semin. Exhib. Nondestr. Eval., 2011.
Kutsaev, S., Agustsson, R., Arodzero, A., Boucher, S., Hartzell, J., Murokh A., O’Shea, and Smirnov, A.Y., Electron accelerators for novel cargo inspection methods, Phys. Procedia, 2017, vol. 90, pp. 115–125.
Martins, M.N. and Silva, T.F., Electron accelerators: history, applications, and perspectives, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2014, vol. 95, pp. 78–85.
Granfors, P.R. and Aufrichtig, R., Performance of a 41 × 41 cm2 amorphous silicon flat panel x-ray detector for radiographic imaging applications, Med. Phys, 2000, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1324–1331.
Von Wittenau, A.E., Logan, C.M., Aufderheide, M.B., and Slone, D.M., Blurring artifacts in megavoltage radiography with a flat-panel imaging system: comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with measurements, Med. Phys., 2002, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2559–2570.
Michael, K.T., The application of quantitative data analysis for the assessment of flat panel x-ray detectors in digital radiography as part of a quality assurance programme, Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express, 2017, vol. 3, no. 3, article no. 035004.
Yaffe, M.J. and Rowlands, J.A., X-ray detectors for digital radiography, Phys. Med. Biol., 1997, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1–39.
Jaffray, D.A., Battista, J.J., Fenster, A., and Munro, P., X-ray scatter in megavoltage transmission radiography: physical characteristics and influence on image quality, Med. Phys., 1994, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 45–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597255
Stritt, C., Plamondon, M., Hofmann, J., Flisch, A., and Sennhauser, U., Performance quantification of a flat-panel imager in industrial mega-voltage X-ray imaging systems, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 2017, vol. 848, pp. 73–80.
Kotwaliwale, N., Singh, K., Kalne, A., Jha, S.N., Seth, N., and Kar, A., X-ray imaging methods for internal quality evaluation of agricultural produce, J. Food Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
Sidulenko, O.A., Kas’yanov, V.A., Kas’yanov, S.V., and Osipov, S.P., Estimated efficiency of slit collimation of a high-energy radiation source for radiometric testing of large objects, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2006, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 101–105.
Osipov, S.P., Chakhlov, S.V., Osipov, O.S., Shtein, A.M., and Strugovtsev, D.V., About accuracy of the discrimination parameter estimation for the dual high-energy method, IOP Conf. Ser: Mater. Sci. Eng./RTEP2014, Tomsk, 2015, vol. 81, article no. 012082.
Zavyalkin, F.M. and Osipov, S.P., The dependence of the average value and fluctuations of the absorbed energy on the size of the scintillator, At. Energ., 1985, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 281–283.
Schiff, L.I., Energy-angle distribution of thin target bremsstrahlung, Phys. Rev., 1951, vol. 83, pp. 252–253.
Ali, E.S.M. and Rogers, D.W.O., Functional forms for photon spectra of clinical linacs, Phys. Med. Biol., 2011, vol. 57, pp. 31–50.
Liu, Y., Sowerby, B.D., and Tickner, J.R., Comparison of neutron and high-energy X-ray dual-beam radiography for air cargo inspection, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2008, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 463–473.
Tables of X-ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV for Elements Z = 1 to 92. URL: https://www.nist.gov/pml/x-ray-mass-attenuation-coefficients
Udod, V.A., Osipov, S.P., and Wang, Y., The mathematical model of image, generated by scanning digital radiography system, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng, IOP Publishing, 2017, vol. 168, no. 1, article no. 012042.
Zavyalkin, F.M. and Osipov, S.P. Calculation of scattering functions of linear scintillation-detector array, At. Energ., 1986, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 146–148.
Norreys, P.A., Santala, M., Clark, E., Zepf, M., Watts, I., Beg, F.N., Krushelnick, K., Tatarakis, M., Dangor, A.E., Fang, X., Graham, H., McCanny, T., Singha, R.P., Ledingham, K.W.D., Creswell, A., Sanderson, D.C.W., Magill, J., Machacek, A.J., Wark, J.S., Allott, R., Kennedy, B., and Neely, D., Observation of a highly directional γ-ray beam from ultrashort, ultraintense laser pulse interactions with solids, Phys. Plasmas, 1999, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2150–2156.
Takagi, H. and Murata, I., Energy spectrum measurement of high power and high energy (6 and 9 MeV) pulsed X-ray source for industrial use, J. Radiat. Prot. Res., 2016, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 93–99.
Sandlin, S., X-ray inspection setups for canister lid weld, Work. Rep., Posiva Oy, Finland, 2010.
Yamnyi, K.O., Enhancing the efficiency of introscopic systems for large-sized objects with the use of low-intensity radiation sources, Extended Abstract of Cand. (Eng.) Sci. Dissertation, Belarus State Univ., Minsk, 2016.
Schumm, A., Bremnes, O., and Chassignole, B., Numerical simulation of radiographic inspections: fast and realistic results even for thick components, Proc. 16th World Conf. NonDestr. Test., Montreal, 2004.
Haith, M.I., Ewert, U., Hohendorf, S., Bellon, C., Deresch, A., Huthwaite, P., Lowe, M.J.S., and Zscherpel, U., Radiographic modelling for NDE of subsea pipelines, NDT&E Int., 2017, vol. 86, pp. 113–122.
Haith, M.I., Radiographic imaging of subsea pipelines, Doctoral (Eng.) Dissertation, London: Imp. Coll., Dep. Mech. Eng., 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Osipov, S.P., Chakhlov, S.V., Kairalapov, D.U. et al. Numerical Modeling of Radiographic Images as the Basis for Correctly Designing Digital Radiography Systems of Large-Sized Objects. Russ J Nondestruct Test 55, 136–149 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830919020050
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830919020050