Abstract
The nonlinear dynamics of optical signals propagating in fibers or waveguides can be quite complex. Many nonlinear regimes manifest themselves in spectral transformations observed at the output of the fiber. Such time-integrated measurements are severely limiting, however, and, thus, a number of time spectrally resolved techniques have been developed in the past. One of the simplest and most versatile appears to be the cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating (X-FROG), because it offers high sensitivity, broad bandwidth, and produces very intuitive two-dimensional spectrograms showing relative temporal positions of various frequency components comprising the output signal. Indeed, certain experiments described in this article can only be performed with X-FROG. For others, X-FROG offers better insight into the fundamental physics of nonlinear interactions; yet others yield beautiful and visually stunning images. Some of the fundamental non-linear-optical interactions in waveguides, such as soliton formation and propagation, soliton stabilization and the emission of Cherenkov continuum, resonant scattering of continuous waves on solitons, and the supercontinuum generation have been visualized with X-FROG and are summarized in this article.
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Original Text © Astro, Ltd., 2008.
Anatoly Efimov received his B.S. from the Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, in 1993 and Ph.D. in 2001 from the University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, for work on the adaptive control of lasers and their interaction with matter using femto-second-pulse shaping. Since 2001, he has been working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, first as a director’s funded postdoctoral fellow and, then, as a member of the technical staff. Currently, he serves as a scientist within the Nanophotonics and Optical Metamaterials thrust at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) working in the areas of nanophotonics and nanoplasmonics, ultrashort-pulse generation, shaping and measurements, ultrafast spectroscopy, coherent control, and waveguide nonlinear optics.
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Efimov, A. Fundamental nonlinear-optical interactions in photonic fibers: Time-spectral visualization. Laser Phys. 18, 667–681 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054660X08060017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054660X08060017