Abstract
This study examines how preliminary mechanical milling of a modifying TiN-based powder mixture affects the morphology of the CO2 laser-treated surface, the weld pool morphology, and the cross-sectional structure of the material. Ultrafine titanium nitride particles used as nanomodifier have low wettability by liquid metal, are not entrained by its convective flows, and tend to accumulate in the subsurface layer, which makes it difficult to effectively modify the structure within the treated material. Ball milling of the modifying Ti + TiN mixture for 9 min leads to the formation of composite particles (5–7 µm) with ultrafine TiN particles uniformly distributed over their surface and volume. When the composite particles are melted by the laser beam, they turn to ultrafine TiN particles of nanomodifier coated with a thin titanium layer, which have a smaller contact angle. As a result, the particles are more evenly distributed over the weld pool and the number of crystallization centers increases, leading to the formation of a fine homogeneous structure of the material. The microhardness increases by 32%, and its standard deviation decreases by a factor of 1.5–3.0.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Ilyin, A.A., Kolachev, B.A., and Polkin, I.S., Titanium Alloys, Moscow: VILS-MATI, 2009.
Wulf, B.K., Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys, Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1969.
Gorynin, I.V., Titanium Alloys for Marine Application, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vol. 263, no. 2, pp. 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(98)01180-0
Oryshchenko, A.S., Gorynin, I.V., Leonov, V.P., Kudryavtsev, A.S., Mikhailov, V.I., and Chudakov, E.V., Marine Titanium Alloys: Present and Future, Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res., 2015, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 571–579. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075113315060106
Balazic, M., Kopac, J., Jackson, M.J., and Waqar, A., Review: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Applications in Medicine, Int. J. Nano Biomater., 2007, vol. 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNBM.2007.016517
Williams, J.C. and Boyer, R.R., Opportunities and Issues in the Application of Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Components, Metals, 2020, vol. 10(6), p. 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060705
Chechulin, B.B., Ushkov, S.S., Razuvaeva, I.N., and Goldfain, V.N., Titanium Alloys in Mechanical Engineering, Leningrad: Mashinostroeniye, 1977.
Poondla, N., Srivatsan, T.S., Patnaik, A., and Petraroli, M., A study of the Microstructure and Hardness of Two Titanium Alloys: Commercially Pure and Ti–6Al–4V, J. Alloys Compd, 2009, vol. 486, pp. 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.06.172
Niinomi, M., Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Titanium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, vol. 243, pp. 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00806-X
Qian, L., Xiao, X., Sun, Q., and Yu, T., Anomalous Relationship between Hardness and Wear Properties of a Superelastic Nickel–Titanium Alloy, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, vol. 84, pp. 1076–1078. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1886245
Brandl, E., Schoberth, A., and Leyens, C., Morphology, Microstructure, and Hardness of Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) Blocks Deposited by Wire-Feed Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM), Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, vol. 532, pp. 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.10.095
Stolyarov, V.V., Shuster, L.S., Migranov, M.S., Valiev, R.Z., and Zhu, Y.T., Reduction of Friction Coefficient of Ultrafine-Grained CP Titanium, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. 371, pp. 313–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.026
Budinski, K.G., Tribological Properties of Titanium Alloys, Wear, 1991, vol. 151, pp. 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(91)90249-T
Zhang, L.C., Chen, L.-Y., and Wang, L., Surface Modification of Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Technologies, Developments, and Future Interests, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2020, vol. 22(5), p. 2070017. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202070017
Zhang, D., Qin, Y., Feng, W., Huang, M., Wang, X., and Yang, S., Microstructural Evolution of the Amorphous Layers on Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy during Laser Remelting Process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, vol. 363, pp. 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.02.051
Das, B., Nath, A., and Bandyopadhyay, P.P., Scratch Resistance and Damage Mechanism of Laser Remelted Thermally Sprayed Ceramic Coating, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, vol. 364, pp. 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.02.078
Siddiqui, A.A., Dubey, A.K., and Paul, C.P., A Study of Metallurgy and Erosion in Laser Surface Alloying of AlxCu0.5FeNiTi High Entropy Alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, vol. 361, pp. 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.042
Dai, J., Li, S., and Zhang, H., Microstructure and Wear Properties of Self-Lubricating TiB2-TiCxNy Ceramic Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Surface Alloying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, vol. 369, pp. 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.04.056
Lei, J., Shi, C., Zhou, S., Gu, Z., and Zhang, L.C., Enhanced Corrosion and Wear Resistance Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ni-Based Composite Coating by Laser Cladding, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2018, vol. 334, pp. 274–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.051
Shi, C., Lei, J., Zhou, S., Dai, X., and Zhang, L.C., Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibers Strengthened Ni-Based Coatings by Laser Cladding: The Effect of Carbon Fiber Contents, J. Alloys Compd, 2018, vol. 744, pp. 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.063
Stepanova, N.V., Kuznetsov, V.A., Malyutina, Yu.N., Terentyev, D.S., Lozhkin, V.S., and Razumakov, A.A., Structure and Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Iron Modified with a Mechanically Activated Mixture of Tungsten Carbide and Chromium, Obrabotka Metallov: Tekhnolog. Oborud. Instrum., 2013, no. 3, pp. 121–126.
Martyushev, N.V., Zykova, A.P., and Bashev, V.S., Modification of AK12 Alloy with Ultrafine Tungsten Powder Particles, Obrabotka Metallov: Tekhnolog. Oborud. Instrum., 2017, no. 3, pp. 51–58.
Wang, K., Jiang, H.Y., Jia, Y.W., Zhou, H., Wang, Q.D., Ye, B., and Ding, W.J., Nanoparticle-Inhibited Growth of Primary Aluminum in Al-10Si Alloys, Acta Mater., 2016, vol. 103, pp. 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.10.005
Cherepanov, A.N. and Ovcharenko, V.E., Effect of Nanostructured Composite Powders on the Structure and Strength Properties of the High-Temperature Inconel 718 Alloy, Phys. Metals Metallogr., 2015, vol. 116, no. 12, pp. 1279–1284. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X1510004X
Grigorenko, G.M., Kostin, V.A., Golovko, V.V., Zhukov, V.V., and Zuber, T.A., Effect of Nanopowder Inoculators on the Structure and Properties of Cast HSLA Steels, Sovremenn. Electrometallurg., 2015, no. 2, pp. 32–41.
Kostin, V.A., Grigorenko, G.M., and Zhukov, V.V., Modification of the Structure of HSLA Steel Welds with Refractory Metal Nanoparticles, in Stroitelstvo, Materialovedeniye, Mashinostroyeniye: Starodubovskiye Chteniya, 2016, pp. 93–98.
Orishich, A.M., Cherepanov, A.N., Shapeev, V.P., and Pugacheva, N.B., Nanomodification of Welded Joints in Laser Welding of Metals and Alloys, Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN, 2014.
Boldyrev, A.M., Rubtsova, E.M., Orlov, A.S., Sizintsev, S.V., Tkachev, A.G., and Pershin, V.F., Enhancement of the Modification Efficiency of Fusion Welds, in Fundamental, Exploratory and Applied Research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences for the Development of Architecture, Urban Planning and the Construction Industry of the Russian Federation in 2018, Moscow: Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, 2019, pp. 114–122.
Cherepanov, A.N., Drozdov, V.O., Malikov, A.G., Orishich, A.M., and Mali, V.I., Studying the Laser Welding of Porous Metals with the Application of Compact Inserts and Nanopowders, Phys. Met. Metallogr., 2021, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X21030030
Drozdov, V.O., Orishich, A.M., Malikov, A.G., and Karpov, E.V., Effect of Nanomodification Additives at Laser Welding of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys for Air-Space Applications, in AIP Conf. Proc.: Proceedings of the XXVI Conference on High-Energy Processes in Condensed Matter, Dedicated to the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of S.A. Chaplygin, 2019, p. 030115.
Sheksheev, M.A., Mikhailitsyn, S.V., Sychkov, A.B., Emelyushin, A.N., and Shiryaeva, E.N., Effect of Ultrafine Tungsten Monocarbide Particles on the Structure of Deposited Metal, Vestnik YuUGU. Metallurgiya, 2018, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 128–136.
Lazarova, R., Dimitrova, R., Murdjeva, Y., Valkov, St., and Petrov, P., Layers Obtained on Aluminum by Nanopowder Deposition and Subsequent Electron Beam Scanning, in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Taylor & Francis, 2018, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2018.1453148
Anestiev, L., Lazarova, R., Petrov, P., Dyakova, V., and Stanev, L., On the Strengthening and the Strength Reducing Mechanisms at Aluminium Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiCN Nano-Sized Particulates, Philos. Mag., 2021, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 129–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2020.1821114
Cherepanov, A.N., Drozdov, V.N., Malikov, A.G., Orishich, A.M., Mul, D.O., and Shevtsova, L.I., Effect of Nanostructured Powder Compositions on the Surface Layer Characteristics of Laser Processed Steel, Tyazhel. Mashinostroen., 2016, no. 6, pp. 2–4.
Cherepanov, A.N., Afonin, Yu.V., Malikov, A.G., and Orishich, A.M., The Use of Nanopowders of Refractory Compounds in Laser Processing of Materials, Tyazhel. Mashinostroen., 2008, no. 4, pp. 25–26.
Cherepanov, A.N., Orishich, A.M., and Shapeev, V.P., Laser Welding of Metals and Alloys Modified with Nanopowder Additives. Theory and Experiment, Fiz. Mezomekh., 2013, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 91–104. https://doi.org/10.24411/1683-805X-2013-00033
Cherepanova, V.K. and Cherepanov, A.N., Solid Phase Nucleation in a Metal Melt Modified with Spherical Nanoparticles, in Metallurgy: Technologies, Innovations, Quality. Proc. 21st Int. Applied Research Conf., 2 vols., Protopopova, E.V., Ed., 2019, pp. 153–159.
Cherepanova, V.K. and Cherepanov, A.N., A Model of Heterogeneous Nucleation on Cubic Nanoparticles, Dokl. Akad. Nauk Vyssh. Shkoly Ross. Feder., 2019, no. 1(42), pp. 7–17.
Ellis, D. and Bero, Zh.-M., Patent RU 2615405, Improvement of Fiber-Reinforced Materials, Bull. FIPS, 2017.
Alekseev, A.V. and Predtechensky, M.R., Comparative Study of Nanoparticle Coating Using a Planetary Ball Mill and a Hydraulic Press, Sistemy Analiz. Obrabot. Dannykh, 2012, no. 3, pp. 35–44.
Drozdov, V.O., Chesnokov, A.E., Cherepanov, A.N., and Smirnov, A.V., Study of the Influence of the Time of Mechanical Processing of Powder Mixture of Composition Ti–25 wt % TiN in a Planetary Mill on the Characteristics of Composite Particles, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. XXII Winter School on Continuous Media Mechanics (WSCMM-2021), Perm, 22–26 March 2021, AIP Publ., 2021, vol. 1945, p. 012005(7). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1945/1/012005
Drozdov, V.O., Chesnokov, A.E., Cherepanov, A.N., and Smirnov, A.V., Study of the Formation of Nanostructured Composite Powders in a Plasma Jet, Thermophys. Aeromech., 2019, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869864319050111
Kandeva, M., Panov, I., and Dochev, B., Effects of Nanomodifiers on the Wear Resistance of Aluminum-Silicon Alloy AlSi18 in Tribosystems in Case of Reversive Friction and Lubrication, J. Balkan Tribol. Assoc., 2020, vol. 26(4), pp. 637–652.
Poluboyarov, V.A., Korotaeva, Z.A., Korchagin, M.A., Lyakhov, N.Z., Cherepanov, A.N., and Kalinina, A.P., Application of Mechanically Activated Ultrafine Ceramic Powders to Improve the Properties of Metals and Alloys, Tekhnik. Mashistroen., 2003, no. 6, pp. 35–42.
Drozdov, V.O. and Cherepanov, A.N., Melting Point of the Coating on a Refractory Nanoparticle, Steel Transl., 2014, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 96–98. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091214020041
Funding
The research results were obtained partly with the financial support of RFBR-ROSATOM Grant No. 20-21-00046 and partly through the Fundamental Research Program of the State Academies of Sciences for 2021–2023 (Project No. 121030500137-5), using the equipment of the Shared Use Center “Mechanics” at the Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note. Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chesnokov, A.E., Drozdov, V.O., Skorokhod, K.A. et al. Effect of Preliminary Ball Milling of Nanomodifiers on Their Efficiency in Laser Surface Treatment of Titanium. Phys Mesomech 27, 79–87 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959924010089
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959924010089