Skip to main content
Log in

Backscattered electron imaging of micro- and nanostructures: 1. Method of analysis

  • Published:
Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A method for analysis of the formation of backscattered electron scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is described. The results of studying the formation of SEM signals obtained upon scanning an angular structure are given. The mechanisms of the formation of images in the modes of backscattered and slow secondary electrons are described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. H. M. Marchman, J. E. Griffith, J. Z. Y. Guo, J. Frackoviak, and G. K. Celler, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 12, 3585 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Yu. A. Novikov and A. V. Rakov, Russ. Microelectron. 25, 368 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yu. A. Novikov and A. V. Rakov, Meas. Tech. 42, 20 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. M. T. Postek and A. E. Vladar, in Handbook of Silicon Semiconductor Metrology, Ed. by A. C. Diebold (Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, 2001), pp. 295–333.

  5. Yu. A. Novikov, J. Surf. Invest.: X-Ray, Synchrotron Neutron Tech. 7, 497 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Yu. A. Novikov, J. Surf. Invest.: X-Ray, Synchrotron Neutron Tech. 7, 802 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Goldstein, D. Newbury, and P. Echlin, et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis (Plenum, New York, 1981).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and M. N. Filippov, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Elektron., No. 1, 91 (1998) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  9. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and M. N. Filippov, in Mechanisms of Secondary Electron Emission from a Relief Surface of Solids, Proc. IOFAN, Vol. 55 (Fizmatlit, Moscow, 1998), pp. 100–108 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  10. Yu. A. Novikov, A. M. Prokhorov, and A. V. Rakov, Phys. Chem. Mech. Surf. 9, 325 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, I. B. Strizhkov, and V. V. Tsybulskii, Phys. Chem. Mech. Surf. 9, 779 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Yu. A. Novikov and A. V. Rakov, in Mechanisms of Secondary Electron Emission from a Relief Surface of Solids, Proc. IOFAN, Vol. 55 (Fizmatlit, Moscow, 1998), pp. 3–99 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yu. A. Novikov and A. V. Rakov, Surf. Invest. 15, 1177 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  14. M. A. Danilova, V. B. Mityukhlyaev, Yu. A. Novikov, Yu. V. Ozerin, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, Meas. Tech. 51, 839 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. V. P. Gavrilenko, V. A. Kalnov, Yu. A. Novikov, A. A. Orlikovsky, A. V. Rakov, P. A. Todua, K. A. Valiev, and E. N. Zhikharev, Proc. SPIE 7272, 727227 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yu. A. Novikov, S. V. Peshekhonov, and I. B. Strizhkov, in Problems of Linear Measurements of Microobjects in Nanometer and Submicron Ranges, Proc. IOFAN, Vol. 49 (Nauka, Moscow, 1995), pp. 20–40 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ch. P. Volk, E. S. Gornev, Yu. A. Novikov, Yu. V. Ozerin, Yu. I. Plotnikov, A. M. Prokhorov, and A. V. Rakov, Russ. Microelectron. 31, 207 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yu. A. Novikov, Yu. V. Ozerin, Yu. I. Plotnikov, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, in Linear Measurements in Micrometer and Nanometer Ranger for Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, Proc. IOFAN, Vol. 62 (Nauka, Moscow, 2006), pp. 36–76 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ch. P. Volk, Yu. A. Novikov, Yu. V. Ozerin, and A. V. Rakov, Meas. Tech. 44, 365 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, Meas. Tech. 51, 599 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and M. N. Filippov, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys. 62, 439 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, Russ. Microelectron. 37, 390 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. I. M. Bronshtein, and B. S. Fraiman, Secondary Electron Emission (Nauka, Moscow, 1969) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  24. V. P. Kovalev, Secondary Electrons (Energoizdat, Moscow, 1987) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. G. Dyukov, S. A. Nepiiko, and N. N. Sedov, Electron Microscopy of Local Potentials (Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1991) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. T. Postek and W. J. Keery, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 1648 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M. T. Postek, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 3750 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J. R. Lowney, Scanning 17, 281 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J. W. Nunn, Scanning 17, 296 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. D. Kaczmarek, Z. Czyzewski, J. Hejna, and Z. Radzimski, Scanning 17, 276 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  31. F. A. Luk’yanov, E. I. Rau, and R. A. Senov, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys. 73, 441 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. L. Reimer, Scanning Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1998).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. V. V. Aristov, V. V. Kazmiruk, N. G. Ushakov, and A. A. Firsova, Poverkhnost’, Fiz. Khim. Mekh., No. 4, 120 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  34. V. V. Kazmiruk, V. I. Myasnikov, T. N. Savitskaya, and I. S. Stepanov, Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Fiz. 56(3), 58 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Y. G. Li, S. F. Mao, and Z. J. Ding, in Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and Engineering, Ed. by S. Mordechai (InTech, 2011), pp. 232–296.

  36. Yu. A. Novikov and I. Yu. Stekolin, in Problems of Linear Measurements of Microobjects in Nanometer and Submicron Ranges, Proc. IOFAN, Vol. 49 (Nauka, Moscow, 1995), pp. 41–65 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  37. Yu. A. Novikov, V. P. Gavrilenko, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, Proc. SPIE 7042, 704208 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Yu. A. Novikov, J. Surf. Invest.: X-Ray, Synchrotron Neutron Tech. 5, 917 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ch. P. Volk, E. S. Gornev, Yu. A. Novikov, Yu. V. Ozerin, Yu. I. Plotnikov, and A. V. Rakov, Russ. Microelectron. 33, 342 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and M. N. Filippov, Meas. Tech. 47, 438 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ch. P. Volk, E. S. Gornev, Yu. A. Novikov, Yu. I. Plotnikov, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, in Linear Measurements in Micrometer and Nanometer Ranges for Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, Proc. IOFAN, Vol. 62 (Nauka, Moscow, 2006), pp. 77–120 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and I. Yu. Stekolin, Meas. Tech. 39, 1204 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Yu. A. Novikov, A. V. Rakov, and P. A. Todua, Meas. Tech. 52, 142 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yu. A. Novikov, Phys. Chem. Mech. Surf. 11, 1077 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. F. Makhov, Sov. Phys. Solid State 2, 1942 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  46. I. Brodie and J. J. Muray, The Physics of Microfabrication (Plenum, New York, 1982; Mir, Moscow, 1985).

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu. A. Novikov.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © Yu.A. Novikov, 2014, published in Poverkhnost’. Rentgenovskie, Sinkhrotronnye i Neitronnye Issledovaniya, 2014, No. 8, pp. 46–57.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Novikov, Y.A. Backscattered electron imaging of micro- and nanostructures: 1. Method of analysis. J. Surf. Investig. 8, 775–786 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451014040296

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451014040296

Keywords

Navigation