Abstract
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), as an important alternative energy source for portable devices, have attracted considerable interest because of the high energy density of methanol, the simplicity of processing it as a fuel, and the suitability of storage as a liquid fuel. Nevertheless, fuel cell catalysts suffer from strong adsorption of CO on platinum, which leads to poison on the catalyst’s surface and the prevention of further oxidation of methanol. Improvements are needed in terms of lowering the number of precious metals required for large-scale applications. Carbon powder, carbon nanotubes, and conducting polymer matrix are shown to have high electrocatalytic performance. Consequently, platinum loading has been diminished pointedly with improved Pt utilization. In this sense, particularly in the current study, the electrooxidation of methanol was investigated on Pt, Ru, and metal oxide nanoparticles such as V2O5 and WO3, modified by polyaniline (PANI)-functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (fCNTs) composite electrodes in terms of DMFCs and related applications. Only electrochemical techniques were utilized throughout the synthesis of electrodes. The citrate method was utilized for preparing all of the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. A comparative study was realized in each step of the experimental study. It was seen that ternary alloy nanosized electrodes showed much more activity than those of mono or bimetallic systems. The prepared electrodes were viewed and analyzed by SEM, EDX, Raman, and TEM techniques. Moreover, kinetic studies were carried out to determine important parameters. As a concluding remark, the current research presents a highly feasible procedure to produce PANI–fCNTs/Pt–Ru–metal oxide nanoparticle composite materials.
REFERENCES
Bockris, J.O’.M. and Reddy, A.K.N., Modern Electrochemistry, New York: Plenium Press, 1992, p. 1141.
Watanabe, W. and Uchida, H., Handbook of Fuel Cells, Advances in Electrocatalysis, Materials, Diagnostics and Durability, Wiley, 2009, vols. 5-6.
Parsons, R., and VanderNoot, T., The oxidation of small organic molecules: a survey of recent fuel cell-related research, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Chem., 1988, vol. 257, no. 1-2, p. 9.
Arico, A.S., Srinivasan, S., and Antonucci, V., DMFCs: from Fundamentals Aspects to Technology Development, Fuel Cells, Wiley, 2001, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 133.
Iwasita, T., Electrocatalysis of methanol oxidation, Electrochim. Acta, 2002, vol. 47, no. 22, p. 3663.
Skotheim, T.A., Handbook of Conducting Polymers, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1985, p. 327.
Dutta, K., Kumar, P., Das, P., and Kundu, P.P., Utilization of conducting polymers in fabricating polymer electrolyte membranes for application in direct methanol fuel cells, Polym. Rev., 2014, vol. 54, no. 1, p. 1.
Macdiarmid, A.G., Chiang, J.C., Richter, A.F., and Epstein, A.J., Polyaniline: a new concept in conducting polymers, Synt. Met., 1987, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 285.
Gospodinova, N. and Terlemezyan, L., Conducting polymers prepared by oxidative polymerization: polyaniline, Progr. Polym. Sci., 1998, vol. 23, no. 8, p. 1443.
Balasubramanian, K. and Burghard, M., Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes, Small, 2005, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 180.
Lu, X., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Wen, T.-C., and Wei, Y., One-dimensional conducting polymer nanocomposites: synthesis, properties, and applications, Progr. Polym. Sci., 2011, vol. 36, p. 671.
Juttner, K., Mangold, K.-M., Lange, M., and Bouzek, K., Preparation and properties of composite polypyrrole/Pt catalyst systems, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2004, vol. 40, p. 317.
Mikhaylova, A.A., Tusseeva, E.K., Rychagov, A.Yu., Vol’fkovich, Yu.M., Krestinin, A.V., and Khazova, O.A., The carbon nanotubes-polyaniline composites and their effect on catalytic properties of deposited catalysis, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2010, vol. 46, p. 1280.
Oueiny, C., Berlioz, S., and Perrin, F.-X., Carbon nanotube-polyaniline composites, Progr. Polym. Sci., 2014, vol. 29, p. 707.
Wu, T.-M., Lin, Y.-W., and Liao, C.-S., Preparation and characterization of polyaniline/ multi-walled carbon nanotube composites, Carbon, 2005, vol. 43, p. 734.
Shi, J., Wang, Z., and Li, H.-L., Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite films for electrooxidation of methanol, J. Mater. Sci., 2007, vol. 42, p. 539.
Huang, J.-E., Li, X.-H., Xu, J.-C., and Li, H.-L., Well-dispersed single-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite films, Carbon, 2003, vol. 41, no. 14, p. 2731.
Sahoo, N.G., Rana, S., Cho, J.W., Li, L., and Chan, S.H., Polymer nanocomposites based on functionalized carbon nanotubes, Progr. Polym. Sci., 2010, vol. 35, no. 7, p. 837.
He, D., Zeng, C., Xu, C., Cheng, N., Li, H., Mu, S., and Pan, M., Polyaniline-functionalized carbon nanotube supported platinum catalysts, Langmuir, 2011, vol. 27, no. 9, p. 5582.
Zengin, H., Zhou, W., Jin, J., Czerw, R., Smith, D.W., Echegoyen, L., Carrol, D.L., Foulger, S.H., and Ballato, J., Carbon nanotube doped polyaniline, Adv. Mater., 2002, vol. 14, no. 20, p. 1480.
Pandey, R.K. and Lakshminarayanan, V., Ethanol electrocatalysis on gold conducting polymer nanocomposites: a study of the kinetic parameters, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2012, vol. 125, p. 271.
Lee, H.-Y., Vogel, W., and Chu, P.P.,-J., Nanostructure and surface composition of Pt and Ru binary catalysis on polyaniline-functionalized carbon nanotubes, Langmuir, 2011, vol. 27, p. 14654.
Kost, K.M., Bartak, D.E., Kazee, B., and Kuwana, T., Ruthenium promotion of platinum for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol, Anal. Chem., 1988, vol. 60, p. 2379.
Becerik, I., Kadirgan, F., and Suzer, S., Electrooxidation of methanol on doped polypyrrole films in acidic media, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 502, p. 118.
Liu, L., Pu, C., Viswanathan, R., Fan, Q., Liu, R., and Smotkin, E.S., Carbon supported and unsupported Pt‒Ru anodes for liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta, 1998, vol. 43, no.2 4, p. 3657.
Selvaraj, V. and Alagar, M., Pt and Pt-Ru nanoparticles decorated polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotubes and their catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation, Electrochem. Commun., 2007, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 1145.
Yang, C., Wang, D., Hu, X., Dai, C., and Zhang, L., Preparation and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)-supported Pt–Ru catalyst for methanol electrooxidation, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, vol. 448, p. 109.
Selveraj, V., Vinoba, M., and Alagar, M., Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol on Pt and Pt–Ru nanoparticles modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Colloid-Interface Sci., 2008, vol. 322, no. 2, p. 537.
Drew, K., Girishkumar, G., Vinodgopal, K., and Kamat, P.V., Boosting fuel cell performance with a semiconductor photocatalyst: TiO2/Pt–Ru hybrid catalyst form ethanol oxidation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. B, 2005, vol. 109, p. 11851.
Lima, A., Coutanceau, C., Leger, J.-M., and Lamy, C., Investigation of ternary catalysts for methanol oxidation, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 379.
Telli, E., Solmaz, R., and Kardaş, G., Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on Pt/NiZn electrode in alkaline medium, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2011, vol. 47, p. 811.
Jayaraman, S., Jaramillo, T.F., Baeck, S.-H., and McFarland, E.W., Synthesis and characterization of Pt–WO3 as methanol oxidation catalyst for fuel cells, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, vol. 109, p. 22958.
Elezovic, N.R., Radmilovic, V.R., and Krstajic, N.V., Platinum nanocatalysts on metal oxide based supports for low-temperature fuel cell applications, R. Soc. Chem. B, 2016, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 6788.
Saha, M.S., Li, R., and Sun, X., Composite of Pt-Ru supported SnO2 nanowires grown on carbon paper for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol, Electrochem. Commun., 2007, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 2229.
Rajesh, B., Ravindranathan, T.K., Bonard, J.-M., Xanthapolous, N., Mathieu, H.J., and Viswanathan, B., Pt supported on polyaniline–V2O5 nanocomposite as the electrode material for methanol oxidation, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2002, vol. 5, no. 12, p. E71.
Guney, S., Becerik, I., and Kadirgan, F., Ru-WO3 promotion of Pt dispersed into poly(3-methyl) thiophene matrix towards the electrooxidation of methanol, Bull. Electrochem., 2004, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 157.
Hameed, R.M.A., Amin, R.S., El-Khatib, K.M., and Fetohi, A.E., Influence of metal oxides on platinum activity towards methanol oxidation in H2SO4, ChemPhys Chem., 2016, vol. 17, p. 1054.
Lasch, K., Jörissen, L., and Garche, J., The effect of metal oxides as co-catalysts for the electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum-ruthenium, J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 84, p. 225.
Kulesza, P.J., Pieta, I.S., Rutkowska, I.A., Wadas, A., Marks, D., Klak, K., Stobinski, L., and Cox, J.A., Electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules in acid medium: enhancement of activity of noble metal nanoparticles and their alloys by supporting or modifying them with metal oxides, Electrochim. Acta, 2013, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 474.
Miecznikowski, K., WO3 decorated carbon nanotube supported PtSn nanoparticles with enhanced activity towards electrochemical oxidation of ethylene glycol in direct alcohol fuel cells, Arab. J. Chem., 2020, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 1020.
Nouralishahi, A., Khodadadi, A.A., Rashidi, A.M., and Mortazavi, Y., Vanadium oxide decorated carbon nanotubes as promising support of Pt nanoparticles for methanol electro-oxidation reaction, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2013, vol. 393, p. 291.
Rao, G.R. and Umeshbabu, E., A vanadium(V) oxide nanorodpromoted platinum/reduced graphene oxide electrocatalyst for alcohol oxidation under acidic conditions, ChemPhys Chem, 2016, vol. 17, no. 21, p. 3524.
Maiyalagan, T. and Khan, F.N., Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on Pt/V2O5–C composite catalysts, Catal. Commun., 2009, vol. 10, p. 433.
Chen, X.-W., Zhu, Z., Havecher, M., Su, D.S., and Schlogl, R., Carbon nanotube-induced preparation of vanadium oxide nanorods: application as a catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane, Mater. Res. Bull., 2007, vol. 42, p. 354.
Yan, Z., Li, F., Xie, J., and Miu, X., Hollow tungsten carbide/carbon sphere promoted platinum electrocatalyst for efficient methanol oxidation, R. Soc. Chem., 2015, vol. 5, no. 9, p. 6790.
Ganesan, R. and Lee, J.S., An electrocatalyst form ethanol oxidation based on tungsten trioxide microspheres and platinum, J. Power Sources, 2006, vol. 157, p. 217.
Yang, C., van der Laak, N.K., Chan, K.-Y., and Zhang, X., Microwave-assisted microemulsion synthesis of carbon-supported Pt–WO3 nanoparticles as an electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation, Electrochim. Acta, 2012, vol. 75, no. 30, p. 262.
Zhang, D.-Y., Ma, Z.-F., Wang, G., Kostantinov, K., Yuan, X., and Liu, H.-K., Electro-oxidation of ethanol on Pt–WO3/C electrocatalyst, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2006, vol. 9, no. 9, p. A423.
Tsang, K.-Y., Lee, T.-C., Ren, J., Chan, K.-Y., Wang, H., and Wang, H., Platinum tungsten oxide (Pt–WO3) nanoparticles: their preparation in glycol and electrocatalytic properties, J. Experim. Nanosci., 2006, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 113.
Rahsepar, M., Pakshir, M., and Nikolaev, P., Tungsten carbide on directly grown multiwalled carbon nanotube as a co-catalyst for methanol oxidation, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2012, vol. 127, p. 265.
Rajesh, B., Thampi, R.K., Bonard, J.-M., Mathieu, H.J., Xanthopoulos, N., and Viwanathan, B., Electronically conducting hybrid material as high-performance catalyst support for electrocatalytic application, J. Power Sources, 2005, vol. 141, no. 1, p. 35.
Civelekoglu-Odabas, M. and Becerik, I., Nanosized composite electrodes based on polyaniline/carbon nanotubes towards methanol oxidation, Curr. Nanosci., 2019, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 654.
Grace, A.N. and Pandian, K., Pt, Pt–Pd, Pt–Pd/Ru nanoparticles entrapped polyaniline electrodes: a potent electrocatalyst towards the oxidation of glycerol, Electrochem. Commun., 2006, vol. 8, p. 1340.
Ficicioglu, F. and Kadirgan, F., Electrooxidation of ethylene glycol on a platinum doped polyaniline electrode, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998, vol. 451, no. 1, p. 95.
He, D., Zeng, C., Xu, C., Cheng, N., Li, H., Mu, S., and Pan, M., Polyaniline-functionalized carbon nanotube supported platinum catalysts, Langmuir, 2011, vol. 27, no. 9, p. 5582.
Zhang, K.-F., Guo, D.-J., Liu, X., Li, J., Li, H.-L., and Su, Z.-X., Vanadium oxide nanotubes as the support of Pd catalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline solution, J. Power Source, 2006, vol. 162, p. 1077.
Tseung, A.C.C. and Chen, K.Y., Hydrogen spill-over effect on Pt/WO3 anode catalysts, Catal. Today, 1997, vol. 38, p. 439.
Anderson, B.A., Grantscharova, E., and Seong, S., Systematic theoretical study of alloys of platinum for enhanced methanol fuel cell performance, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1996, vol. 143, p. 2075.
Kasamechonchung, P., Rahong, S., Pratontep, S., Fukaya, K., and Wanna, Y., Preparation and characterization of PANI/CNT/Pt hybrid materials, J. Microsc. Soc. Thailand, 2009, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 127.
Cochet, M., Maser, W.K., Benito, A.M., Callejas, M.A., Martinez, M.T., Benoit, J.-M., Schreiber, J., and Chauvet, O., Synthesis of a new polyaniline/nanotube composite: “in-situ” polymerization and charge transfer through site-selective interaction, Chem. Commun., 2001, no. 16, p. 1450.
Bergamaski, K., Pinheiro, A.L.N., Teixeira-Neto, E., and Nart, F.C., Nanoparticle size effects on methanol electrochemical oxidation carbon-supported platinum catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, vol. 110, no. 39, p. 19271.
Becerik, I., Ficicioglu, F., and Kadirgan, F., Effect of temperature on the electrooxidation of some organic molecules on Pt doped conducting polymer-coated electrodes, Turk. J. Chem., 1999, vol. 23, p. 353.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank firstly to The Research Fund of Istanbul Technical University (ITU) (Grant no: 37550), then NABİLTEM from Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey for SEM, EDX and Raman Measurements, Prof. Dr. S. Turan from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey for TEM Measurements, and Prof.Dr.R.Artan from ITU for computer-based studies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
The authors announce that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Muge Civelekoglu-Odabas, Ipek Becerik Electrooxidation of Methanol on Pt, Ru, and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles Modified with Polyaniline-Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Electrodes. Russ J Electrochem 59, 140–152 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193523020039
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193523020039