Abstract
The original and modified vertically oriented carbon nanowalls (CNWs) were applied onto conducting substrates by the plasma-chemical method. Their electrochemical behavior was studied by the methods of cyclic voltammetry and impedance measurements. The modified and original electrodes were characterized by using the methods of scanning and transmitting electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nanowalls were modified with the functional groups (FG) via the electrolysis of aqueous solutions at the anodic potentials. Their adsorption properties were studied in the solutions of organic surfactants with the skeleton structure. It is shown that, in the first case, the number of oxygen-containing FG on the CNW surface significantly increases and, in both cases, the electrode capacitance considerably increases (by 30–50 and 3–5 times, respectively). A correlation between the rate constants k 0 of [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+, [Fe(CN)6]4–/3–, and Fe2+/3+ redox reactions and a degree of nanowall surface functionalization is revealed. The values of k 0 were estimated in the automatic mode using a specially developed program by comparing the potential differences between the peaks of cyclic voltammograms ΔE, which were measured in a wide range of potential scan rate v, and the calculated ΔE (k 0, v) dependences, which were obtained by solving the corresponding diffusion equations. It is shown that the functionalization of CNWs leads to a substantial (by ~103 times) increase in k 0 for the Fe2+/3+ redox system and has almost no effect on the electron transfer in the [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– and [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+ systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ambrosi, A., Chua, C.K., Bonanni, A., and Pumera, M., Chem. Rev., 2014, vol. 114, p. 7150.
Brownson, D.A.C., Kampouris, D.K., and Banks, C.E., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, vol. 41, p. 6944.
Gan, L., Zhang, D., and Guo, X., Small, 2008, vol. 8, p. 1326.
Wu, S., He, Q., Tan, C., Wang, Y., and Zhang, H., Small, 2013, vol. 9, p. 1160.
Yuan, W., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Li, C., Peng, H., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Dai, L., and Shi, G., Sci. Reports, 2013, vol. 3, p. 2248.
Gueell, A.G., Ebejer, N., Snowden, M.E., Macpherson, J.V., and Unwin, Pr.., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, vol. 134, p. 7258.
Li, W., Tan, C., Lowe, M.A., Abruna, H.D., and Ralph, D.C., ACS Nano, 2011, vol. 5, p. 2264.
Brownson, D.A.C. and Banks, C.E., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, vol. 13, p. 15825.
Tan, C. and Rodriguez-Lopez, J., Parks, J.J., Ritzert, N.L., Ralph, D.C., Abruna, H.D, ACS Nano, 2012, vol. 6, p. 3070.
Brownson, D.A.C., Munro, L.J., Kampouris, D.K., and Banks, C.E., RSC Advances, 2011, vol. 1, p. 978.
Brownson, D.A.C., Varey, S.A., Hussain, F., Haigh, S.J., and Banks, C.E., Nanoscale, 2014, vol. 6, p. 1607.
Valota, A.T., Kinloch, I.A., Novoselov, K.S., Casiraghi, C., Eckmann, A., Hill, E.W., and Dryfe, R.A.W., ACS Nano, 2011, vol. 5, p. 8809.
Soin, N., Roy, S.S., Lim, T.H., and McLaughlin, J.A.D., Mater. Chem. Phys., 2011, vol. 129, p. 1051.
Wang, L., Ambrosi, A., and Pumera, M., Chem. Asian J., 2013, vol. 8, p. 1200.
Patel, A.N., Collignon, M.G., O’Connell, M.A., Hung, W.O.Y., McKelvey, K., Macpherson, J.V., and Unwin, Pr.., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, vol. 134, p. 20117.
Patel, A.N., McKelvey, K., and Unwin, Pr.., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, vol. 134, p. 20246.
Seo, D.H., Yick, S., Han, Z.J., Fang, J.H., and Ostrikov, K., Chem. Sus. Chem., 2014, vol. 7, p. 2317.
Zheng, B., Zhenhai, W., Haejune, K., Lu, G., Yu, K., and Chen, J., Carbon, 2012, vol. 50, p. 4379.
Cai, M., Outlaw, R.A., Butler, S.M., and Miller, J.R., Carbon, 2012, vol. 50, p. 5481.
Krivchenko, V.A., Maksimov, Yu.M., Podlovchenko, B.I., Rakhimov, A.T., Suetin, N.V., and Timofeev, M.A., Mendeleev Commun., 2011, vol. 21, p. 264.
Chua, C.K. and Pumera, M., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, vol. 43, p. 291.
Keeley, G.P., McEvoy N., Nolan, H., Holzinger, M., Cosnier, S., and Duesberg, G.S., Chem. Materials, 2014, vol. 26, p. 807.
Shao, Y., Wang, J., Wu, H., Liu, J., Aksay, I.A., and Lin, Y., Electroanalysis, 2010, vol. 22, p. 1027.
Krivchenko, V.A., Itkis, D.M., Evlashin, S.A., Semenenko, D.A., Goodilin, E.A., Rakhimov, A.T., Stepanov, A.S., Suetin, N.V., Pilevsky, A.A., and Voronin, P.V., Carbon, 2012, vol. 50, p. 1422.
Mironovich, K.V., Itkis, D.M., Semenenko, D.A., Dagesyan, S.A., Yashina, L.V., Kataev, E.Yu., Mankelevich, Ya.., Suetin, N.V., and Krivchenko, V.A., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, vol. 16, p. 25621.
Krivenko, A.G., Komarova, N.S., and Piven, N.P., Electrochem. Commun., 2007, vol. 9, p. 2364.
Komarova, N.S., Krivenko, A.G., Ryabenko, A.G., Naumkin, A.V., Stenina, E.V., and Sviridova, L.N., Carbon, 2012, vol. 50, p. 922.
Komarova, N.S., Krivenko, A.G., Ryabenko, A.G., and Naumkin, A.V., Carbon, 2013, vol. 53, p. 188.
Galano, A., Nanoscale, 2010, vol. 2, p. 373.
Rice, R.J. and McCreery, R.L., Anal. Chem., 1989, vol. 61, p. 1637.
Haubner, K., Murawski, J., Olk, P., Eng, L.M., Ziegler, C., Adolphi, B., and Jaehne, E., Chem. Phys. Chem., 2010, vol. 11, p. 2131.
Voylov, D.N., Agapov, A.L., Shulga, Y.M., Sokolov, A.P., and Arbuzov, A.A., Carbon, 2014, vol. 69, p. 563.
Wagner, C.D., Davis, L.E., Zeller, M.V., Taylor, J.A., Raymond, R.H., and Gale, L.H., Surf. Interface Anal., 1981, vol. 3, p. 211.
Krivenko, A.G., Matyushenko, V.I., Stenina, E.V., Sviridova, L.N., Krestinin, A.V., Zvereva, G.I., Kurmaz, V.A., Ryabenko, A.G., Dmitriev, S.N., and Skuratov, V.A., Electrochem. Commun., 2005, vol. 7, p. 199.
Stenina, E.V. and Damaskin, B.B., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, vol. 349, p. 31.
Krivenko, A.G., Komarova, N.S., Stenina, E.V., and Sviridova, L.N., Mendeleev Commun., 2009, vol. 19, p. 317.
Lazar, P., Karlicky, F., Jurecka, P., Kocman, M., Otyepkova, E., Safarova, K., and Otyepka, M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, vol. 135, p. 6372.
Figueiredo-Filho, L.C.S., Brownson, D.A.C., Fatibello-Filho, O., and Banks, C.E., Electroanalysis, 2014, vol. 26, p. 93.
Rebinder, P.A., Izbrannye trudy (Selected Publications), Moscow: Nauka, 1978.
Gao, B., Kleinhammes, A., Tang, X.P., Bower, C., Wu, Y., and Zhou, O., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, vol. 307, p. 153.
Streeter, I., Wildgoose, G.G., Shao, L., and Compton, R.G., Sens. Actuators, B, 2008, vol. 133, p. 462.
Podlovchenko, B.I., Krivchenko, V.A., Maksimov, Yu.M., Gladysheva, T.D., Yashina, L.V., Evlashin, S.A., and Pilevsky, A.A., Electrochim. Acta, 2012, vol. 76, p. 137.
Oldham, K.B. and Myland, J.C., Electrochim. Acta, 2011, vol. 56, p. 10612.
Nicholson, R.S., Anal. Chem., 1964, vol. 66, p. 1351.
Krivenko, A.G., Kotkin, A.S., and Kurmaz, V.A., Mendeleev Commun., 1998, vol. 8, p. 56.
Mabbott, G.A., J. Chem. Educ., 1983, vol. 60, p. 697.
Ambrosi, A. and Pumera, M.J., Phys. Chem. C, 2013, vol. 117, p. 2053.
Liu, X., Wang, Y., Zhan, L., Qiao, W., Liang, X., and Ling, L., J. Solid State Electrochem., 2011, vol. 15, p. 413.
Komarova, N.S., Krivenko, A.G., Ryabenko, A.G., Naumkin, A.V., Maslakov, K.I., and Savilov, S.V., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2015, vol. 738, p. 27.
Chen, P. and McCreery, R.L., Anal. Chem., 1996, vol. 68, p. 3958.
Diao, P. and Liu, Zh., Adv. Mater., 2010, vol. 22, p. 1430.
Tran, E., Cohen, A.E., Murray, R.W., Rampi, M.A., and Whitesides, G.M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, vol. 131, p. 2141.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A.G. Krivenko, N.S. Komarova, E.V. Stenina, L.N. Sviridova, K.V. Mironovich, Yu.M. Shul’ga, R.A. Manzhos, S.V. Doronin, V.A. Krivchenko, 2015, published in Elektrokhimiya, 2015, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 1090–1103.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krivenko, A.G., Komarova, N.S., Stenina, E.V. et al. Electrochemical modification of electrodes based on highly oriented carbon nanowalls. Russ J Electrochem 51, 963–975 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193515100079
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193515100079